英语长难句结构分析(含 2019 年高考全国 1-3 卷长难句)英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。
五种基本句式如下：1主语＋谓语(不及物动词)2主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语3主语＋系动词＋表语4主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语5主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语此外还有特殊句式如there be-, 强调句，倒装句等。
但是在真实的语言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单。
复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语，还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。
高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句，影响考生对语篇文段的理解。
另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写(概要写作)和应用文写作。
在评分标准中把“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”视为是否得高分的标准之一。
因此，学会分析长难句显得格外重要。
一个句子之所以成为长难句，就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂，具体说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语(介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语)以及各种从句等。
下面分类解析：1、复杂主语包括下列情形：含有连词如and, both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also), as well as；非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构做主语等。
如：Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage ( 从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (as well as 连接those who...与those least liked ...做主语)The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we know that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony(痛苦) of dying can make nobody happy. (动词不定式to do 结构做主语)Connecting to the community（社区）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. (2019 高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B) (-ing 形式做主语)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual conversat ion. (2018 全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D) (-ing 形式做主语)What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. (2019 高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B) (主语从句充当主语)Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business...(2016 全国甲卷阅读理解D) (同位语结构做主语)2、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔Mr. Robbins, together with his wife and children,is leaving London for Paris.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.( 2016 全国丙卷语法填空 )Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.(2016 全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D)According to the report's key findings, “the proportion(比例) who say they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”(2018 全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)The woman sitting at the desk, seeing my madness, sympathetically jumped up. (2016 全国甲卷完形填空 )3、复杂表语包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。
One (reason) was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor. (2019 高考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)(表语从句中还含有一个同位语从句)The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. (2018 全国卷Ⅰ阅读C) (表语从句中还含有while 并列句)4、复杂宾语包括非谓语动词、 (并列)宾语从句(介词后和动词后 )等。
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date--sharing, kindness, openness--carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. (2019全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (宾语从句中含有定语从句)Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.(2017 全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D)(宾语从句中含有-ing 形式和定语从句)In order to pass the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on ①how we plan to apply ②what we would learn in class to our future professions and ,eventually, to our lives. (2018 全国卷Ⅱ完形填空) (①是介词on 所带的宾语从句，②是动词apply 所带的宾语从句)Axani wrote in his post ①that he is not looking for anything in return and②that the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own. (2017 全国Ⅲ卷完形填空) (wrote 带有2 个由that 引导的宾语从句，第②个宾语从句含有who 引导的定语从句)5、复杂定语包括非谓语动词、形容词短语、介词短语、(多个)定语从句等。
It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. (2017 全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解A)(省略了that/which 的定语从句)To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.(2016 全国新课标丙卷阅读理解C) (who 引导定语从句)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid- 1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. (2016 全国新课标乙卷语法填空) (when 引导的定语从句中含有-ed 形式和-ing 形式做定语)Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park，staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks.(2018 全国卷Ⅱ阅读A) (where 引导定语从句)Readers also tended to share articles ①that were exciting or funny, or ②that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles ③that left them merely sad.( 2016 全国新课标丙卷阅读理解D) (含有三个that 引导的定语从句)Also, it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters (木匠) with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics, which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs. (含有两个with 介词短语做定语和which 引导的定语从句)Now, using teeth and bone pieces taken from the baby’s grave, scientists have compared the DNA from the Unknown Child with those collected from members of five families who lost relatives on the Titanic and never recovered the bodies.(含有两个-ed 形式做定语和who 引导的定语从句)6、复杂同位语(同位语从句)While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. (2019 全国Ⅰ卷语法填空)The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.(2017 全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B) (that 引导同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有although 引导的状语从句)We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back --- he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.(2017 年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(that 引导同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有if 引导的状语从句)7、复杂状语包括介词短语、非谓语动词、(多个)状语从句等。