人力资源管理专业词汇(DOC 29页)Appendix AGlossary of Human Resource Management Termsabsentees Absentees are employees who are scheduled to be at work but are not present.Accident and sickness policies Accident and sickness policies usually provide a minimum-care stipend for several weeks up to six months to help employees defray the loss of income while they are sick or recovering from an accident.accreditation Accreditation is a process of certifying the competence of a person in an area of capability. The Society for Human Resource Management operates an accreditation program for personnel professionals.active listening Active listening requires the listener to stop talking, to remove distractions, to be patient, and to empathize with the talker.adverse selection Adverse selection occurs when an insurance company has a disproportionately high percentage of insureds who will make claims in the future. Adverse selection often results when people are given a chance to buy insurance without prescreening, which often means that a higher than normal proportion have a condition that is likely to cause them to be frequent claimants.affirmative action programs Affirmative action programs are detailed plans developed by employers to undo the results of past employment discrimination, or to ensure equal opportunity in the future.Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (as amended) This act prohibits discrimination on employment because of age against those who are 40 and older.American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization(AFL-CIO) The AFL-CIO is a federation of most national unions. It exists to provide a unified focal point for the labor movement, to assist national unions, and to influence government policies that affect members and working people. applied research Applied research is a study of practical problems, the solutions of which will lead to improved performance.arbitration Arbitration is the submission of a dispute to a neutral third party.assessment centers Assessment centers are a standardized form of employee appraisal that relies on multiple types of evaluation and multiple raters.associate membership Associate membership in a labor organization allows people who are not employed under a union contract to affiliate with a union by paying fees and dues in return for union-supported benefits.attitude surveys Attitude surveys are systematic methods of determining what employees think about their organization. The surveys are usually done through questionnaires. Attitude survey feedback results when the information collected is reported back to the participants. This process then is usually followed by action planning to identify and resolve specific areas of employee concern. attrition Attrition is the loss of employees who leave the organization's employment.audit report The audit report is a comprehensive description of personnel activities. It includes both commendation for effective practices and recommendations for improving practices that are ineffective.audit team An audit team consists of those people who are responsible for evaluating the performance of the personnel department.authorization cards Authorization cards are forms that prospective union members sign. The cards indicate their wish to have an election to determine whether a labor organization will represent the workers in their dealings with management.autonomous work groups Autonomous work groups are teams of workers, withouta formal company-appointed leader, who decide among themselves mostdecisions traditionally handled by supervisors.autonomy Autonomy is having control over one's work.bargaining book A bargaining book is a compilation of the negotiation team's plans for collective bargaining with labor or management. Increasingly, the bargaining book is being replaced by information stored in accompany or union computer.bargaining committee The union bargaining committee consists of union officials and stewards who negotiate with management's representatives to determine wages, hours, and working conditions to be embodied in the labor agreement. behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) BARS rate employees scale that has specific behavioral examples on it to guide the rater.Behavioral modeling Behavioral modeling relies on the initiation or emulation of a desired behavior. A repetition of behavior modeling helps to develop appropriate responses in specified situations.behavior modification Behavior modification states that behavior depends on its consequences.blind ads Blind ads are want ads that do not identify the employer.bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQ) A BFOQ occurs when an employer has a justified business reason for discriminating against a member of a protected class. The burden of proving a BFOQ generally falls on the employer. bottom-line test The bottom-line test is applied by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to determine if a firm's overall selection process is having an adverse impact on protected groups. Even though individual steps in the selection process might exhibit an adverse impact on a protected group, the firm will be considered in compliance if the overall process does not have an adverse effect.Boulwarism Boulwarism is a negotiation strategy developed by General Electric.Using this approach the company made its "best" offer to the union at the beginning of negotiations. Then it remained firm unless the union could find where management had erred in the calculations used to arrive at the offer. This strategy has been ruled as an unfair labor practice by the National Labor Relations Board and by the federal courts.brainstorming Brainstorming is a process by which participants provide their ideas on a stated problem during a freewheeling group session.buddy system The "buddy system" of orientation exists when an experienced employee is asked to show a new worker around the job site, conduct introduction, and answer the newcomer's questions.burnout Burnout is a condition of mental, emotional, and sometimes physical exhaustion that results from substantial prolonged stress.business agent A business agent is a full-time employee of a local (usually craft) union. The business agent helps employees resolve their problems with management.business unionism Business unionism describes unions that seek to improve the wages, hours, and working conditions of their members in a business like manner. (See social unionism.)buy-back Buy-backs occur when an employee who attempts to resign is convinced to stay in the employment of the organization. Normally the person is "bought back" with an offer of increased wages or salary.Cafeteria benefit programs Cafeteria benefit programs allow employees to select the fringe benefits and services that answer their individual needs.career A career is all the jobs that are held during one's working life.career counseling Career counseling assists employees in finding appropriate career goals and paths. career development Career development consists of those experiences and personal improvements that one undertakes to achieve a career plan.career goals Career goals are the future positions that one strives to reach. These goals serve as benchmarks along one's career path.career path A career path is the sequential pattern of jobs that form one's career. career planning Career planning is the process by which one selects career goals and paths to those goals.career plateau A career plateau occurs when an employee is in a position that he or she does well enough not to be demoted or fired but not well enough to be promoted.change agents Change agents are people who have the role of stimulating change within a group.checkoff A checkoff provision in a union-management labor agreement requires the employer to deduct union dues from employee paychecks and to remit those moneys to the union.Civil Rights Act of 1964 This act was passed to make various forms of discrimination illegal.closed shop A closed shop is a workplace where all employees are required to be members of the union before they are hired. These arrangements are illegal under the National Labor Relations Act.codetermination Codetermination is a form of industrial democracy first popularized in West Germany. It gives workers the right to have representatives vote on management decisions.coinsurance clause A coinsurance clause is a provision in an insurance policy that requires the employee to pay a percentage of the insured's expenses communication Communication is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another.comparable worth Comparable worth is the idea that a job should be evaluated as to its value to the organization and then paid accordingly. Thus jobs of comparable worth would be paid equally. For example, two people with widely different jobs would both receive the same pay if the two jobs were of equal value to the employer.comparative evaluation approaches Comparative evaluation approaches are a collection of different methods that compare one person's performance with that of co-workers.compensation Compensation is what employees receive in exchange for their work. Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 (CETA) CETA wasa broad-ranging act designed to provide job training, employment, andjob hunting assistance to less advantaged persons. It has since been replaced by the Job Partnership Training Act.concentration in employment Concentration exists when an employer (or some subdivision such as a department) has a higher proportion of employees from a protected class than is found in the employer's labor market. (See underutilization.)concessionary bargaining Concessionary bargaining occurs when labor management negotiations result in fewer employer-paid fringe benefits or wage concessions, such as a freeze or wage cut.conciliation agreement a conciliation agreement is a negotiated settlement agreeable to the EEOC and to all parties involved. Its acceptances closes the case.Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) This act was signed into law in 1986. COBRA requires employers that provide group benefits to employees through a group plan to also provide group benefits to qualified beneficiaries with the right to elect to continue their coverage for a certain period of time after their coverage would otherwise terminate, with a few exceptions.constructs Constructs are substitutes for actual performance. For example, a score on a test is a construct for actual learning.contract labor Contract labor consists of people who are hired (and often trained) by an independent agency that supplies companies with needed human resources for a fee.contributory benefit plans Contributory benefit plans are fringe benefits that require both the employer and the employee to contribute to the cost of the insurance, retirement, or other employer benefit.coordinated organizing Coordinated organizing occurs when two or more unions pool their resources to organize a targeted employer or group of employees.corrective discipline Corrective discipline is an action that follows a rule infraction and seeks to discourage further infractions so that future acts are in compliance with standards.counseling Counseling is the discussion of an employee problem with the general objective of helping the worker cope with it.counseling functions Counseling functions are the activities performed by counselors. They include advice, reassurance, communication, release of emotional tension, clarified thinking, and reorientation.craft unions Craft unions are labor organizations that seek to include all workers who have a common skill, such as carpenters or plumbers.critical incident method The critical incident method requires the rater to report statements that describe extremely good or extremely bad employee behavior.These statements are called critical incidents, and they are used as examples of good or bad performance in rating the employee.Decision-making authority See line authority.deductible clause A deductible clause is a provision in an insurance policy that requires the insured to pay a specified amount of a claim before the insurer is obligated to pay.deferral jurisdictions Deferral jurisdictions are areas in the United States where the EEOC will refer a case to another (usually a state or local)agency; for example, Florida Human Relations Commission.deferred stock incentive systems These incentives award stock that becomes owned by the executive gradually over several years.delegation Delegation is the process of getting others to share a manager's work. It requires the manager to assign duties, grant authority, and create a sense of responsibility.Delphi technique The Delphi technique solicits predictions from a panel of experts about some specified future development(s). The collective estimates are then reported back to the panel so that the members may adjust their opinions. This process is repeated until a general agreement on future trends emerges. demographics Demographics is the study of population characteristics.demotions Demotions occur when an employee is moved from one job to another that is lower in pay, responsibility, and organizational level.development Development represents those activities that prepare an employee for future responsibilities.Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) The Dictionary of Occupational Titles is a federal government publication that provides detailed job descriptions and job codes for most occupations in government and industry.differential validity Differential validity is used to demonstrate that tests or other selection criteria are valid for different subgroups or protected classes.directive counseling Directive counseling is the process of listening to an employee's emotional problems, deciding with the employee what should be done, and then telling and motivating the employee to do it. (See non directive counseling.)discipline Discipline is management action to encourage compliance with the organization's standards.dismissal Dismissal is the ultimate disciplinary action because it separates the employee from the employer for a cause.disparate impact Disparate impact occurs when the results of an employer's actions have a different effect on one or more protected classes. disparate treatment Disparate treatment occurs when members of a protected class receive unequal treatment.Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 This legislation requires that organizations applying for federal grants certify that they will make good-faith efforts to provide a drug-free work place. dual responsibility for personnel management Since both line and staff managers are responsible for employees, production, and quality of work life, a dual responsibility for personnel management exists. due process Due process means that established rules and procedures for disciplinary action are followed and that employees have an opportunity to respond to the charges made against them.early retirement Early retirement occurs when a worker retires from an employer before the "normal" retirement age.Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) EAPs are company-sponsored programs to help employees overcome their personal problems through direct companyassistance, counseling, or outside referral.employee handbook The employee handbook explains key benefits, policies, and general information about the employer.The Employee Polygraph Protection Act The act prohibits the use of polygraphs in private industry by forbidding any employer engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce from directly or indirectly requiring, requesting, or causing any employee or prospective employee to take or submit to a lie detector test. Restrictions also cover use of information regarding results of such a test and the taking of adverse employment action against any employee who refuses, declines, or fails to take a lie detector test.Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ERISA was passed by Congress to ensure that employer pension plans meet minimum participation, vesting, and funding requirements.employment freeze An employment freeze occurs when the organization curtails future hiring.employment function The employment function is that aspect of personnel responsible for recruiting, selecting, and hiring new workers. This function is usually handled by the employment section or employment manager of a large personnel department.employment references Employment references are evaluations of an employee's work performance. They are provided by past employers.employment tests Employment tests are devices that assess the probable match between the applicants and the job requirements.Equal Employment Act of 1972 This act strengthened the role of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission by amending the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The 1972 law empowered the EEOC to initiate court action against non complying organizations.equal employment opportunity Equal employment opportunity means giving people a fair chance to succeed without discrimination based on factors unrelated to job performance--such as age, race, or national origin.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) The EEOC is the federal agency responsible for enforcing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, as amended and other laws such as the Age Discrimination in Employequal employment opportunity laws Equal employment opportunity laws area family of federal and state acts that seek to ensure equalemployment opportunities for members of protected groups.Equal Pay Art of 1963 This act prohibits discrimination in pay because of a person's sex.ergonomics Ergonomics is the study of biotechnical relationships between the physical attributes of workers and the physical demands of the jobs. The object is to reduce physical and mental strain in order to increase productivity and quality of work life.error of central tendency The error of central tendency occurs when a rater evaluates employee performance as neither good nor poor, even when some employees perform exceptionally well or poorly. Instead, the rater rates everyone as average.evaluation interviews Evaluation interviews are performance review sessions that give employees feedback about their past Performance or about their future potential.executive order Executive orders are presidential decrees that normally apply to government contractors or managers in the executive branches of the federal government.exit interviews Exit interviews are conversations with departing employees to learn their views of the organization.expedited arbitration Expedited arbitration is an attempt to speed up the arbitration process. It may include an arrangement with the arbitrator for him or her to be available on short notice tone or two days) and to render a quick decision at the conclusion of the hearings (sometimes an oral decision is used in these cases).experience rating Experience rating is a practice whereby state unemployment offices determine an employer's unemployment compensation tax rate based on the employer's previous experience in providing stable employment.experiential learning Experiential learning means that participants learn by experiencing in the training environment the kinds of problems they face on the job.exposure Exposure means becoming known by those who decide on promotions, transfers, and other career opportunities.extrapolationpon Extrapolation involves extending past rates of change into thefacilitator A facilitator is someone who assists quality circles and the quality circle leader in identifying and solving workplace problems.factor comparison method The factor comparison method is a form of job evaluation that allocates a part of each job's wage to key factors of the job.The result is a relative evaluation of the organization's job.fair employment practices Fair employment practices are state and local laws that prohibit employer discrimination in employment against members of protected classes.Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) FLSA is a comprehensive federal law affecting compensation management. It sets minimum wage, overtime pay, equal pay, child labor, and record-keeping requirements.Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) The FMCS was created by the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 to help labor and management resolve negotiation impasses peacefully through mediation and conciliation without resort to a strike. The FMCS also is a course of qualified labor arbitrators.feedback Feedback is information that helps evaluate the success or failure of an action or system.field experiment A field experiment is research that allows the researchers to study employees under realistic conditions to learn how experimental and control subjects react to new programs and to other changes.field review method The field review method requires skilled representatives of the personnel department to go into the "field" and assist supervisors with their ratings. Often it is the personnel department's representative that actually fills out the evaluation form after interviewing the supervisor about employee performance.Aextime Flextime is a scheduling innovation that abolishes rigid starting and ending times for each day's work. Instead, employees are allowed to begin and end the workday at their discretion, usually within a range of hours.Aexyear Aexyear is an employee scheduling concept that allows workers to be off the job for part of the year. Employees usually work the normal work year in less than 12 months.forced choice method The forced choice method of employee performance evaluation requires the rater to choose the most descriptive statement in each pair of statements about the employee being rated.forecasts Forecasts predict the organization's future needs.four-fifths rule The four-fifths rule is a test used by the EEOC. When the electionratio of protected-class applicants is less than 80 percent (or four-fifths) of the selection ratio for majority applicants, adverse impact is assumed .fully insured workers Fully insured workers are employees who have contributed40 quarters (10 years) to social security.Functional authority Functional authority allows staff experts to make decisions in specified circumstances that are usually reserved for line managers.funded plan Funded plans require an employer to accumulate moneys in advance so that the organization's contribution plans plus interest will cover its obligation.funded retirement plans A funded retirement plan is one in which the employer sets aside sufficient money to meet the future pay out requirements.gainsharing Gainsharing matches an improvement (gain) in company performance to some distribution (sharing) of the benefits with employees.golden parachutes Golden parachutes are agreements by the company to compensate executives with bonuses and benefits if they should be displaced by a merger or acquisition.grapevine communication Grapevine communication is an informal system that arises spontaneously from the social interaction of people in the organization. grievance procedure A grievance procedure is a multistep process that the employer and union jointly use to resolve disputes that arise under the terms of the labor agreement.Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) The U.S. Supreme Court case held that when an employment criterion disproportionately discriminates against a protected class, the employer is required to show how the criterion is job related. guaranteed annual wage A guaranteed annual wage assures workers of receiving a minimum amount of work or pay during the course of a year.halo effect The halo effect is a bias that occurs when a rater allows some information to disproportionately prejudice the final evaluation. harassment Harassment occurs when a member of an organization treats an employee in a disparate manner because of the worker's sex, race, religion, age, or other protected classification.health maintenance organizations (HMOs) HMOs are a form of health insurance whereby the insurer provides the professional staff and facilities needed to treattheir insured policyholders for a predetermined monthly fee.hot-stove rule The hot-stove rule states that disciplinary actions should have the same characteristics as the penalty a person receives from touching a hot stove.That is, the discipline should be with warning, immediate, consistent, and impersonal.house organs A house organ is any regularly published organizational magazine, newspaper, or bulletin directed to employees.human resource forecasts Human resource forecasts predict the organization's future demand for employees.human resource planning Human resource planning systematically forecasts an organization's future supply, and demand for, employees.human resources Human resources are the people who are ready, willing, and able to contribute to organizational goals.Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Employers are required to screen out unauthorized aliens. The act requires an employment verification systems, a good faith effort, and specified record-keeping procedures.imminent danger An imminent danger is a situation that is likely to lead to death or serious injury if allowed to continue.incentive systems Incentive systems link compensation and performance by paying employees for actual results, not for seniority or hours worked.indexation Indexation is a method of estimating future employment needs by matching employment growth with some index, such as sales growth.industrial democracy Industrial democracy refers to giving employees a larger voice in making the work-related decisions that affect them.industrial unions Industrial unions are labor organizations that seek to include all of an employer's eligible workers regardless of whether they are skilled, semiskilled, or unskilled.in-house complaint procedures In-house complaint procedures are organizationally developed methods for employees to register their complaints about various aspects of the organization.job analysis Job analysis systematically collects, evaluates, and organizes information about jobs.job analysis schedule Job analysis schedules are checklists or questionnaires that seek to collect information about jobs in a uniform manner. (They are also called job analysis questionnaires.)job banks Job banks exist in state employment offices. They are used to match applicants with job openings.job code A job code uses numbers, letters, or both to provide a quick summary of the job and its content.job description A job description is a written statement that explains the duties, working conditions, and other aspects of a specified job.job enlargement Job enlargement means adding more tasks to a job in order to increase the job cycle.job enrichment Job enrichment means adding more responsibilities, autonomy, and control to a job.job evaluations Job evaluations are systematic procedures to determine the relative worth of jobs.job families Job families are groups of different jobs that require similar skills.Job-Flo Job-Flo is a monthly report of frequently listed openings from job banks throughout the country.job grading Job grading is a form of job evaluation that assigns jobs to predetermined classifications according to the job's relative worth to the organization. This technique is also called the job classification method.Jobholder reports Jobholder reports are reports to employees about the firm's economic performance.Job Information Service The Job Information Service is a feature of state employment security agencies that enables job seekers to review job bank listings in their efforts to find employment.job instruction training Job instruction training is training received directly on the job. It is also called on-the-job-training.job performance standards Job performance standards are the work requirements that are expected from an employee on a particular job.job posting Job posting informs employees of unfilled job openings and the qualifications for these jobs.。