英语语言学试题 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】英语语言学试题B卷及答案（III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）1) The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive2）Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “fall” and “autumn” belongis called _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational3) The sen tence “John likes ice-cream” contains ________ arguments.A. oneB. twoC. noneD. three4) Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.A. namingB. meaningC. communicationD. context5) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration， semantics spilled intopragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content6) Of the three speech acts， linguists are most interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above7) Most of the violations of the maxims of the Cooperative Principle give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. none of the above8) The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above9) The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and different social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics10) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological， morphologicaland syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B11）As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use，and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior， it is said to be ___.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic12) Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal13) A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above14) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n） __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form15) The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite16) “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with17）The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ____________ construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric18) Can I borrow your bike" ___ "You have a bike."A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes19） Of all the speech organs， the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords 20）Chomsky uses the term _______ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performanceIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%×15=15%）1) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech； thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken， but not written.3) The open-class words include prepositions.4) In classifying the English consonants and vowels， the same criteria can be applied.5) According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， . between a word and a thing it refers to.6)Syntactic categories refer to sentences （S） and clauses （C） only.7)By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.8)The IC analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”.9)The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.10)A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.11) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.12) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studied the sentences patterns of a language.13) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis， . we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.14) Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.15) Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only， and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%×10=10%）1)The modern linguistics is d____________ ，not prescriptive， and its investigationsare based on authentic and mainly spoken language data.2)M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3)Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker whilep________ contrastd with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker..4)The transformational component has transformational rules， which change the deepstructures generated by the phrase structure component into s________ structure.5)In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct， and it is mediated by c___________..6)H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b____________ transcription.7)In the cooperative principle， Grice introduced four categories of are maxim of quality， maxim of quatity， maxim of r__________ and maxim of manner.8)The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hopothesis is that language d___________s our thinking pattern.9)There are two major approaches to error analysis： c____________ and non-contrastive analysis.10)P_________ is the study of language in use.VI. The following two are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each expression.（%×2=5%）1)Smoking cigar is very harmful.2)The boy saw the man with the telescope.VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）1)What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle？2)What are the design features of language？3)What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar？4)Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components？5)What do you know about linguistics.参考答案III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）1-5ABBBB 6-10 CCABD 11-15CDBCC 16-20 ABDCDIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%×15=15%）1）-5）： TTFFT 6）-10）： FFTTF 11）-15）： FFFFFV. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letterof which is already given as a clue. （1%×10=10%）1） descriptive 2） Morpheme 3） parole 4） surface 5）concept6） broad 7）relation 8）determines 9） contrastive 10） PragmaticsVI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（%×2=5%）1）The cigar that is smoking is very harmful.The act of smoking the cigar is very harmful.2）The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope， the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）1）A. The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required （for the current purpose of the exchange） .2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relation Be relevant.D. The maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief （ avoid unnecessary prolixity） .4. Be orderly.2）Arbitrariness； Productivity； Duality； Displacement；Cultural transmission；3）A. Linguistics is descriptive， not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary， not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4）The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example；（A） The dog bit the man.（B） The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components，then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know， there are two aspects to sentence meaning： grammatical mean-ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in （A） are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in （B）. The meaningof a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.英语语言学试题A卷及答案（I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）1） duality 2） displacement 3） phonology4） morphology 5） concord 6） endocentric construction7） hyponymy 8） pragmatics 9） illocutionary force 10) error analysisII. Translation （%×20=10%）Translate the following terms into Chinese：（%×10=5%）1） affricate 2）distinctive feature 3） parole4） generative grammar5） bilingualism 6） felicity condition 7）design feature8）denotation 9） labiodental 10） linguistic relativityTranslate the following terms into English：（%×10=5%）11）人际功能 12）真值条件 13）女性语域 14）音节划分 15）结构主义16）社会语言学 17）论元 18）单元音19）衔接20）对比分析III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A， B， C or D on the answer sheet. （1%×20=20%）1）. language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for humancommunication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal2）. A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above3）. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n） __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4）. The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite5）. “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some flowers.”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6）. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of__________.X： Who was that you were with last night？Y： Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7）“Can I borrow your bike？” _____ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes8） The studyof language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive9） Which of the following is a typical tone language？A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above10） Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.A. phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. minimal pairD. none of the above11） In terms of the place of articulation， the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share thefeature of _________.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental12） Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. N. ChomskyC. F. SaussureD. M. A. K. Halliday13） Which of the following is a correct description of reference？A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that objectD. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14） What is function of the sentence “How do you do’A. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative15） In the following sounds， ________is a central vowel.A. //B. /u/C. //D. /з/16） Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system？A. ChineseB. JapaneseC. EnglishD. French17） Which description of the meaning components of the word “father” is right？A. [+human， +adult，-male]B. [+human， -adult， +male]C. [–human， +adult， -male]D. [+human， +adult， +male]18） Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration， semantics spilled intopragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content19） Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological，morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B20）“Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed means _________.A. an overheated animalB. a kind of foodC. a barking dogD. a dead dogIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（15 pts， 1 point for each）Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%×15=15%）1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.2) According to N. Chomsky，“competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.3) A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.4) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.9) According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， . between a word and a thing it refers to.10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.14) Social dialects， or sociolects， are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only， and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%×10=10%）1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics， auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w_________.3) S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.4) C____________ analyis is based upon the belief that the mesning of a word can be divided into meaning components.5) The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_________ transcription.7) Lingistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c_________ of langauge use was left unconsidered.8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a _______of messages.9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative， the greater their structureal differentiation is， the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorfh___________.10) S______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（%×2=5%）1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）1) What functions does language have Give some examples. （5 points）2) State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning. （5 points）3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics （ points）4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics （ points）5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning （4 points）参考答案I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）1） duality：The property of having two levels of structures， such that the units of theprimary levelare composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2） displacement： It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects， events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.3） phonology： A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.4） morphology： A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.5） concord：The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.6） endocentric construction：A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents.7） hyponymy： It refers to meaning inclusiveness， that is，the sense relationbetween a more general， more inclusive word and a more specific word.8） pragmatics： It refers to the study of language in use.9） illocutionary force： It refers to the speaker’s meaning， contextual meaning， or extra meaning.11) error analysis： It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to thelanguage learner.the following terms：（%×20=10%）Translate the following terms into Chinese：（%×10=5%）1）塞擦音 2）区别性特征 3）言语 4）生成语法5）双语现象6）适切条件 7）结构特征 8）外延 9）唇齿音 10）语言相对论Translate the following terms into English：（%×10=5%）11）interpersonal function 12） truth condition 13）women register 14）syllabification 15） structuralism 16） sociolinguistics 17） argument 18） monophthong 19）cohesion 20） contrastiveanalysisIII. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）1-5 DBCCA 6-10CDABB 11-15 BBCBA 16-20BDBDBIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. （1%×15=15%）1-5 FFFFF6-10FFFTT11-15 FTFTFV. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letterof which is already given as a clue. （1%×10=10%）1） articulatory 2） writing 3） syntax 4） contituent 5）homograph6） broad 7）context 8）receiver 9） hypothesis10） SpeechVI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（%×2=5%）1) The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope， the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）6) （5 points） Language functions include informative function， interpersonal function，performative function， emotive function， phatic communion， recreational function and metalingual function.Examples： omitted.7) （5 points） The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized， while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning； it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a realsituation of communication， or simply in a context.8) （ points） Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of sings. To communicateideas， signs must be part of a system of signs， called conventions. He held that the sign isthe union of the signifier and the signified. He made clear the object of study for linguisticsas a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign， on the relational nature of linguisticunits， on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics，etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.9) （ points） Conceptual meaning； connotative meaning； social meaning； affectivemeaning； reflected meaning； collocative meaning； thematic meaning；10) （4 points） Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach” and “what to learn” should be answered first. Linguisticscertainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides， applying linguistic analysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.。