1.character istic特征;特性n. 特有的，特色的adj. character n.性格，品质；特性；角色；2. radium镭n.3.painter画家n.4.put forward提出；提前=come up with (a question/plan/proposal..)5.scien tific科学的adj. scien ce n. 科学6.conclu de结束;推断出vt.&vi.conclu sion结论;结束n.draw/reach/come to a conclusion 得出结论9. analys e分析vt.→analys is n. 分析bas e (n./v.) 基础；以…为基础→bas is基础n.10.infect传染;感染vt.→infect ious传染的adj.12.cholera霍乱n.13.defeat打败;受挫;使战胜vt.失败n.14.expert=specialist 专家;行家n.=experienced熟练的;经验或知识丰富的adj.be expert in在....方面是内行的15.attend照顾;护理;出席;参加vt.=(look after/take care of)16.physic ian医生;内科医师n.类似的还有music-musician17.expose暴露;揭露;使曝光vt.expose…to使显露;暴露vt.→expo sure n.暴露，曝光19.deadly致命的adj.20.cure治愈;痊愈n.治愈;治疗vt.cure sb of sth 某人治愈了(疾病…)21.outbreak爆发;发作n.（区分短语break out）22.challenge挑战n.向……挑战vt.23.victim受害者n.24. absorb吸收;吸引;使专心vt.sb be absorb ed/buried in 专注于，沉迷于25.suspect怀疑vt.被怀疑者;嫌疑犯n.26.enquir y询问n. enquir e v.27.neighbor hood附近;邻近n.28.severe严重的;剧烈的;严厉的adj.29.clue线索;提示n.30.pump泵;抽水机n.(用泵)抽(水)vt.31.Cambridge street剑桥大街32.forese-forsaw-forseen 遇见，预知vt.33.investigat e调查vt.&vi.=look into investigat ion调查n.35.blame责备;谴责vt.过失;责备n.△Sb/sth be to blame (for doing)应当被责备△take the blame for sth 为…承担责任△blame sth on sb = lay the blame on sb for sth 因某事而责怪某人,把某事归咎于某人36.pollut e污染;弄脏vt. pollut ion n.37.handle柄;把手n.处理;操纵vt.38.germ微生物;细菌n.39.link连接;联系n.40.link...to...将……和……联系或连接起来41.announce宣布;通告vt.→announce ment宣布；通告n. make an ~作出声明42.certain ty确信;确实n. with certain 肯定地certain adj. 确信的→certain ly确实是adv.43.instruct命令;指示;教导vt.instruction 命令;指示;教导n.44.responsib le有责任的;负责的adj.responsib ility责任n.45.construct建设;修建vt.construct ion建设;建筑物n.47.contribute捐献;贡献;捐助vt.&vi.contribu tion捐献;贡献;捐助n.make a contribution/contriutions to 有利于，促进48.apart from除……之外;此外49.firework烟火(燃放)n.50.chart图表n.51.creative有创造力的;创造性的;独创的adj.creat e(v.)创造→creat ive(adj.)→creat ivity(n.)创造力act(v.)行动→act ive(adj.)活跃的→act ivity(n.)活动52.co-operative合作的adj. co-前缀共同的operate v.53.positive积极的;肯定的;确实的adj.54.be strict with...对……严格的55.Nicolaus Copernicus尼古拉.哥白尼(波兰天文学家)56.revolution ary革命的;重大变革的adj.57.move ment移动;运动;动作n.58.make sense讲得通;有意义59.back ward向后的(地);相反的(地);退步的(地)adj.&adv.60.loop圈;环n.61.private ly私下地;秘密地adv. priva cy n.隐私62.spin(spun，spun)(使)旋转;纺(线或纱)vt.&vi.63.bright ness明亮;亮度;聪颖n.64.enthusia stic热情的;热心的adj.enthusias m n. 热情65.cau tious小心的;谨慎的adj. cau tion n.谨慎66.reject拒绝;不接受;抛弃vt.67.univer se宇宙;世界n. univer sial adj.普遍的John S now defeats “king cholera”John Snow was a famous doctor in london-so expert, indeed,that he attended queen victora as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people (exposed to cholera). This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.so many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.约翰雪是伦敦的一位非常著名的医生,确实,他作为维多利亚女王的私人医生来照顾她,但是当他想到帮助暴露在霍乱王疾病下的普通人时,他变的很有灵感,在那时,这是一个致命的疾病,不论他的感染方式还是治愈方法都无从知晓,所以每次爆发的时候都有数以千计的惊恐的人丧生.约翰学想要面对这个挑战并且解决这个问题,他知道霍乱的起源如果无法找到,他将无法控制.He became insterested in two theories that poissibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victim. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their boddies with their meals. From the stomach the diseasequickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.他变的对可能解释霍乱如何杀人的两个学说感兴趣起来,第一个说明霍乱在空气中繁殖,一团危险的气体漂浮着直到找到他的感染者,第二个表明人们在吃饭时把疾病吸收入身体,这病毒从胃里很快的攻击身体并且很快导致感染者死亡.John snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquire. As the disease quickly spread through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.约翰雪怀疑第二个学说是正确的但他需要证据,所以当其他的霍乱在1854年的伦敦爆发时,他已经完成了他询问的准备工作,当这个疾病很快传播到穷邻居时,他开始去收集信息,在两个特别的街道,霍乱的爆发特别严重以致于有五百多人在十天内死亡,他下定了找出原因的决心.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the deadpeople had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street. He also noticed that some houses had had no death. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations, he discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the punp. It seemed that the water was to blame.首先他在地图上标出了死去的人曾经居住过的确切地点,这给了他一个有价值的关于疾病起源的线索,在宽街上,多死去的人的居住地邻近水泵.他也注意到了一些房子没有人死去,他没有对此深究,所以,他作了一个进一步的调查,他发现这些人们工作在剑桥七街的酒吧里,他们被给予了免费的啤酒所以不需要去喝水泵里的水,看起来,应该责备的是水.Next, John snow look into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river (polluted by the dirty water from London). He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Btreet to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwords the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.接下来,约翰雪调查这两条街的水的起源,他发现这水来自被伦敦来的污水污染过的河流,他立刻告诉宽街上惊恐的人们移开水泵的把手从而使他不能被使用,在这之后,很快这疾病就减缓了,他展示了霍乱是通过细菌来传播而不是一团气体.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the broad street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house everyday. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinkingthe water. With this extra evidence john snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.在伦敦的其他部分,他发现其他两个与宽街爆发有关的死亡病例来作为支持证据,一个从宽街搬走的女子,非常喜欢从那个水泵里打出的水,以致于每天她都让那水送到她家供他饮用,在喝过水后,她和她的女儿都死去了,用这个额外的证据,约翰雪有能力确定地宣布是被污染的水带来了病毒.To prevent this from happening again, JohnSnow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not expose people to polluted water any more.F inally “king cholera”was defeated.为了阻止霍乱的再次发生,约翰雪建议所有的供水源头都应该被检查,卖水公司被命令不许再把人们暴露在污染的水之下,最终,”霍乱王”被击败了.第二单元单词：1.unite联合;团结vi.&vt. united adj.2king dom王国n.3consist组成;在于;一致vi.4consist of由……组成5London Heathrow Airport伦敦希尔罗机场6province省;行政区n.7River Avon埃文河8River Thames泰晤士河9River Severn塞文河10divide... into把……分成11Wales威尔士(英)12Scotland苏格兰(英)13Northern北爱尔兰(英)14 clar ify澄清;阐明vt.15 accomplish完成;达到;实现vt. = achieve accomplish ment = achieve ment n.16 conflict矛盾;冲突n.17un will ing不愿意(的);不乐意(的)adj.18break away(from)挣脱(束缚);脱离19union联合;联盟;结合;协会n.20the Union Jack英国国旗21credit信任;学分;赞扬;信贷n.Un credit able 不可置信的22to one's credit为……带来荣誉;值得赞扬;在……名下23curren cy货币;通货n.curren t adj. 现在的；水流n.24institution制度;机制;公共机构n.25 education al教育的adj.26 convenien ce便利;方便n.convenien t adj. 便利的in convenien t adj.不便利的27rough粗糙的;粗暴的adj.28rough ly粗略地;粗糙地adv.29Midlands英格兰中部地区30 nationwide全国性的;全国范围的adj.31attract吸引;引起注意vt.–ive adj. –ion n.32histor ical历史(上)的;有关历史的adj. 33architecture建筑学;建筑艺术n.34Roman(古)罗马人n.(古)罗马的adj.35 collection收藏品;珍藏;收集n.36 administration管理;行政部门n.37 port港口(城市)n.38 Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁—撒克逊人n.盎格鲁—撒克逊人的adj.39 Norman诺曼人;诺曼语n.诺曼的;诺曼人(语)的adj.40Viking北欧海盗;斯堪的纳维亚人n.41countryside乡下;农村n.42enjoy able令人愉快的;使人高兴的adj.43leave out省去;遗漏;不考虑44opportunity机会;时机n.45descri ption描写;描述n. descri be v. 描述46furnish ed配备好装备的;带家具的adj.47fax传真(机)n.用传真传输(文件)vt.48possibility可能(性)n.49plus加上;和perp.加的;正的;零上的adj.50quarrel争吵;争论;吵架n.争吵;吵架vi.51alike相同的;类似的adj.52 take the place of代替=replace=take one’s place53 break down(机器)损坏;破坏54 arrange筹备;安排;整理vt. arrange ment n. 55wedding婚礼n.56 fold折叠;对折vt. unfold vt. 打开57sightseeing观光;游览n.58delight快乐;高兴;喜悦n.使高兴;使欣喜vt.Delight ful adj. 令人愉悦的（修饰物）Delight ed adj. 开心的(修饰人) delighted ly adv.59royal王室的;皇家的;高贵的adj.60uni form制服n. uni-表示”one”61 St Paul's Cathedral圣保罗大教堂62 splendid壮丽的;辉煌的;极好的adj.63 Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特大教堂(英国名人墓地)64 statue塑像;雕像n.65Buckingham palace白金汉宫66Greenwich格林尼治(英城市)n.67longitude经线;经度n.68 imagin ary想象中的;假象的;虚构的adj. Imagin e v. 想象69 navigation导航;航行n.70 Highgate Cemetery海格特墓地(英伦敦北郊，内有马克思及其家人的坟墓)71commun ism共产主义n.72 origin al最初的;原始的;独创的;新颖的adj.73thrill 使激动;使胆战心惊vt.thrill er惊悚片n.74 pot罐;壶n.75 error错误;过失;谬误n.76 tense时态n. adj. 紧张的77 consist ent一致的adj. consisten cy n.The United KingdomPeople may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to "Great Britain". Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is the centre of national government and its administration. It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begunby the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four sets of invaders of England. The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.课文翻译人们也许想知道为什么不同的词汇被用来描述这四个国家:英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰。