定语从句（复习课）一、热点考点回顾一、基本概念（一）定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
（二）先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。
但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
（三）关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。
与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。
关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。
关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。
关系副词有：when, where和why。
在定语从句中充当状语。
（四）分类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1，限制性定语从句：用来修饰和限制先行词，是复合句中不可缺少的组成部分。
若将它去掉，先行词的意思就不明确，主句也不完整。
Eg: I know the girl that attened the party. 我知道参加聚会的那个女孩。
I met someone who said he knew you. 我遇到一个说认识你的人。
He came from a family which was very poor.他来自一个贫穷的家庭。
2，非限制性定语从句：对先行词的附加说明，说若省去也不影响主句的意思，它和主句之间常用逗号隔开。
Eg: His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他的妈妈很爱他，对他很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.成立于1949年的中国变得越来越强大。
二、关系代词的用法（一）基本用法根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。
例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）①Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语）②I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语）③The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语）④This is the new secretary (who/whom/that)I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语）⑤The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。
（见上例③④）（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用，但在有些情况下，只用that。
⑴先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
① This is the best that has been used against pollution.② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.⑵先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。
① This is the last place (that) I want to visit.② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.⑶先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。
① You should hand in all that you have.② We haven’t got much that we can offer you.⑷先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。
① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.② The little money (that) he had was stolen.（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况⑴先行词是one, ones, anyone时。
① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.② Do n’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.⑵先行词是those时。
① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（四）其它情况⑴先行词既有人又有物时。
① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?②The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.⑵主句已有疑问词who 或which时。
① Which is the bike that you lost?② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?（五）与whose有关的问题⑴ whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。
① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.② Please show me the book whos e cover is red.⑵当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。
① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.→ The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或→ The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。
Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with 的宾语）→Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now?但是，要注意的是：⑴介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。
⑵介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。
⑶有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。
①错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?②错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。
①Who is the guy that is reading over there?②The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over25,000.③All that needs to be done has been done.④He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study.⑤Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。
例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。
五、that与which, who, whom的用法区别：二、典型例题1. We went through a period ___communications were very difficult in rural areas. (2008上海)A. whichB. whoseC. in whichD. with which2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _____ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007重庆)A. with whichB. to whichC. of whichD. for which3. Animals suffered at the hands of Man ______ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural had to provide food for more people. (2008江西)A. in whichB. for whichC. so thatD. in that4. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江)A. whatB. thatC. whichD. one5. You can only be sure of _____ you have at present; you cannot be sure ofsomething _____ you might get in the future. (2007安徽)A. that; whatB. what; /C. which; thatD. /; that6. Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _____ don’t. (2006北京)A. who, /B. /; whoC. who, whoD. /; /7. The Beatles _____ many of you are old enough to remembercame from Livepool.(2006)A. whatB. thatC. howD. as8. In an hour, we can travel to places _____ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. (2006上海)A. whereB. whenC. whichD. what9. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ________ she had come.（2006 重庆卷）A. of whichB. by whichC. in whichD. from which10. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair. (2006福建)A. whoseB. whichC. of whichD. thatKey : 1-5 CBDAB 6-10 CDCDA三、课堂练习1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.A. WhichB. whereC. whatD. in which2.Do you know the man _______?A. whom I spokeB. to who spokeC. I spoke toD. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _______last month.A. which they stayedB. at that they stayedC. where they stayed atD. where they stayed4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. whichB. thatC. whenD. on which5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.A. whichB. on whichC. in whichD. when6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.A. whereB. to whichC. whichD. in which7.Great changes have taken place in the factory ____we are working since then.A. whereB. thatC. whichD. there8.This is one of the best films _______.A. that have been shown this yearB. that have shownC. that has been shown this yearD. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?A. about which you talkedB. which you talkedC. about that you talkedD. that you talked10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.A.with whichB.in whichC.on whichD.by which11. – Mom, what did your doctor say?－He advised me to live ____ the air is fresher. (2006四川)A. in whereB. in whichC. the place whereD. where12. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs______ they are being trained. (2005江西)A. in thatB. for thatC. in whichD. for which13. The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a greatsuccess. (2004全国)A. for whichB. at whichC. in whichD. on which14. George Orwell, ____ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.(2004全国)A. the real nameB. what his real nameC. his real nameD. whose real name15. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ________ aresold abroad. (2004辽宁)A. of whichB. which ofC. of themD. of thatKey: 1-5 ACDCA 6-10 CAAAA 11-15 DDCDA四、课后作业1. If I had had enough time, I___ my work.A. would finishB. must have finishedC. would have finishedD. had finished2.Ten minutes earlier, they ___ the plane.A. will catchB. would catchC. would have caughtD. will have caught3. Mr Green requires that the students ___ a composition every other week.A. writeB. writtenC. would writeD. will write4.Had he studied hard, he___ the exam.A. would passB. could passC. had passedD. would have passed5.I wish I ___ what is happening there in his room.A. knowB. knownC. knewD. should know6.It is important that you ___ sports every day.A. haveB. would haveC. must haveD. will have7.If there were no water in the world, everything ___.A. will dieB. would dieC. would have diedD. would have been dead8. ___ what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone.A. Had I knownB. If I knowC. If I knewD. If had I known9.He ordered that the work ___ right away.A. should finishB. finishedC. would be finishedD. be finished10.—Shall we go to the movie tonight?—No, I'd rather ___ at home with our baby. You'd better not leave it to the babysitter at night.A. you stayedB. you stayC. stayedD. stay Key: 1-5 CCADC6-10 ABADA阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1～20 各题所给的 4 个选项中选出最佳选项。