really important. She had a momentary feeling of being of supreme importance. She went on up the stairs. She opened the door of the room. George was on the bed, reading.------Excerpted from a short story by Hemingway(2)There is now widespread agreement that the changes now underway in the earth's climate system have no precedent in the history of human civilization (IPCC, 2007 and Stern, 2007). As a macro-driver of many kinds of environmental changes such as coastal erosion, declining precipitation and soil moisture, increased storm intensity, and species migration, climate change poses risks to human security (McCarthy, Canziani, Leary, Dokken, & White, 2001). In most parts of the world, the impacts of climate change on social–ecological systems will be experienced through both changes in mean conditions (such as temperature, sea-level, and annual precipitation) over long-time scales, but also through increases in the intensity and in some cases frequency of floods, droughts, storms and cyclones, fires, heatwaves, and epidemics. Outside of these short- and long-term changes, which are projected to occur with high levels of certainty, there also exist somewhat more unquantifiable risks of high-impact events. These include melting of glaciers and permafrost which may add several meters to global sea-levels, collapse of the thermohaline circulation which may cause significant regional climate changes in the northern hemisphere, and large scale shifts in the Asian monsoon and the El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomenon (Oppenheimer and Alley, 2004, Vellinga and Wood, 2007 and Schneider et al., 2007).---- “Climate change, human security and violent conflict”, P olitical Geography,Vol. 26, Issue 6, Aug. 2007, P 640A2:3. What are general functions of introduction? (5%)A3:Generally speaking, the successful introduction of a paper should have the following four functions to facilitate the communication process.introducing the subject; limiting the research scope; stating the general purpose; showing the writing arrangement.4. Revise the following abstract. (10%)As we all know, water is life. In that, we cannot live without it. For some time now, the issue of our water system has become an important issue to focus on. There have been many water problems due to environmental degradations, such as water pollution. We must be aware of the importance of water in our society and the need to protect and prevent it from pollution. This paper introduces the survey of water resources in Zhenjiang, and then explains the sources and distribution of the major water pollution in the city. Through the data analysis of 5-years’ industrial water and living water, it points out the effectiveness of water pollution control of Zhenjiang and some problems that still needed to be resolved. Water pollution has a great effect on the social environment. The control strategies could be proposed to reduce water pollution and purify the environment, such as the consolidation of law system, the prevention and monitoring of water, the promotion of water-saving technologies, the introduction of processing technique and treatment of wastewater, etc.5.What are the general requirements for research description? (5%)A5: (1)Presenting a picture of the object(2) Illustrating the object in artificial language(3) Making necessary comparison(4) Sizing the object specially(5) Locating the object correctly(6) Generalizing/systematizing the observation carefully6. Read the following section and analyze the methods of development. (10%)The different architectural style and space environment of the old city is the influence of the various culture impact on cities by constrsting the space character and the housing construction of the eastern cities and western cities. First, we will discuss the development of western culture and the formation of the cities in the historical perspective. Then we will conclude the western cultural character and its impact on city formation. For example, the western notion of public more important than privacy have influenced the city arrangement expresed by the buildings located surrounding a central square, shown in the following figure. Second, we will specically analyze how the Chinese traditinal cultrue influence on the historical formation of the old city that embodied the spirti of the Chinese people. The Eastern social structur has been characterized with the strict hierarchy and concerned with family systme developed through long history, and this culture ideology have formed the strict axis, straight north ot south wild street and the introvert courtyard of the traditional eastern cities. Then, a graph of the traditioanl Chinese old city will be shown to illustrate the culture impact on the city character. Based on the above specific analysis of the different character of the western cities and eastern cities. We can conclude how the various cultrues can influence the different city formation and its character by making a comparison shown in the following table. Finally, we can generalzie that exisiting old cities at present are the reflection of various culture traditons of different historical periods and different coutnries, cultrue elements will have important impact on city formation. (from Urban Studies,Vol.65, No.4, 1996) A6: there are 9 commonly used logic patterns of arguments. In academic writing: direct statement, induction, deduction, analogy, illustration, quotation, comparison, disproof , and cause and effect.7. The sentence structures in the following passage are monotonous and primer. Rewrite the sentences to avoid monotonous and primer style. (10%)Computerized systems can operate in one of three modes. The operating modes are batch processing, remote batch processing, and time-share processing. Conventional batch processing met all but one of the design requirements. The exception was accessibility. Batch processing could not provide output to diversified, remote locations in a timely manner. Remote batchprocessing, as the name implied, could provide batch processing at remote locations. It could do this through the use of teletype-writer terminals as output devices. Unfortunately the response time for remote batch processing is unpredictable. It can vary from a few minutes to several hours.A7:8.How to avoid unintentional plagiarism in a professional writing ? (10%)A8: If you are quoting the words you record must match exactly the words in your source. If you are putting the ideas in your own words, then they must be your own words, not those of the source. If you combine your own words with those of the source, those of the source must be enclosed in quotation marks. You should follow these rules when you are taking notes and when you are using those notes to write your paper.9.Analyze the linguistic features of the following acknowledgements. (10%) AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Dr. Gillian Tober (Leeds Addiction Unit) for her interest in my research proposal, and for allowing me access to the UKATT data for my study. Additionally, I express thanks to Adele Loftus and Gail Crossley (Leeds Addiction Unit), for their assistance with the administration requirements to that end. Warm thanks are extended to my supervisors Professor Alex Copello (UniversityofBirmingham), and Dr. Alison Rolfe (Newman University College, Birmingham), for their time and comments in relation to my empirical paper and literature review, and their willingness to bear with me when getting this down on paper. Massive thanks to my mum,Jennifer Lane, for allowing me to use her little office (when I visited her and Dad at their lovely bungalow on the Costa‐del‐Essex). Thanks also to my cat, Kiwi, who spent hours on end purring next to me while I was working and who probably doesn’t know or indeed care how comforting this was to me. Finally, I express heartfelt gratitude to my husband, Dr. Graham Feeney, for his kindness and understanding throughout the past three years. I would particularly like to thank him for giving me the time and space I needed to complete my research and clinicalpractice reports, when the time we have had together over this period has been so very sparse.A9:10.Rewrite the following, making them more coherent by either adding transitional words or changing the sentence order. (15%)Looking forward to the year 2012, one wonders what personal qualities will be needed for success. Possibly the four most essential qualities are flexibility, honesty, creativity, and perseverance. Our rapidly changing society requires flexibility—the ability to adapt oneself to new ideas and practices. Honesty, the capacity both to tell and face the truth courageously, will be important in all aspects of personal and public relations. Creativity will be required to meet the constantly changing world around us. Perseverance, the ability to hold on at all costs will be required in a society where competition for space, food, and shelter will increase with a growing population.。