举例 1
We don’t really know what language proficiency is but many people have talked about it for a long time. Some researchers have tried to find ways for us to make teaching and testing more communicative because that is how language works. I think that language is something we use for communicating, not an object for us to study and we remember that when we teach and test it.
对于文中所提出的观点，作者有责任提供证据及 证明。
学术论文写作格式
参考 APA Manual, 6th edition
Thanks！
专业英语写作
中国人民大学 心理学系 副教授 邢采
谨慎的语气 Hedging
It appears that… It seems as though… This is suggests that… It may be that… It is likely that… It is possible…
举例
It may be said that the commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now.
书面语
Every previous visit had left me with a sense of the futility of further action on my part.
举例 3
口语
The cities in Switzerland had once been peaceful, but they changed when people became violent.
文中观点的出处要明确、明显地标明
举例 1
Human beings are inherently competitive
As Buss and Hill (2008) observe, human beings are inherently competitive.
√
举例 2
Success, evolutionarily, requires not just that one do well, but that one do better than rivals with whom one is competing (Buss & Hill, 2008).
客观 Objectivity
避免使用“I”, “me”, “myself”
读者会默认没有引用出处的观点都来源于作者，所以无 需强调
避免用”You“指涉一般读者
举例 2
”In my opinion, this is very interesting” “This is a very interesting study”
√
Success, evolutionarily, requires not just that one do well, but that one do better than rivals with whom one is competing.
准确 Accuracy
准确使用词汇
专业英语对不同词汇意思之间做细致的区别，远 高于日常用语
非缩写
Is not It will be completed They have Can not Does not Should not
正式 Formality
口语、俚语
stuff, a lot of, sort of
put off, bring up
书面语言
Items Many, substantial To soቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱe extent
Delay Increase, elevate
客观 Objectivity
写作中保持客观（与主观相对）
专业英语的这一特点是由学术研究和学术写作的 基本特点决定的
表达的重点在于传递信息，而非个人观点的宣传 读者想知道的不是你是如何想的，或者你相信什么 读者想知道的是你研究了什么有何发现，以及如何通过 这些发现得出何种结论
√
The commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now.
负责 Responsibility
作者在引用他人的工作、发现、观点时必须标注 来源（文献出处）
可以用自己的观点表达，换一种方式表达，或者总结他 人的观点 但是必须指出其来源，绝对不能侵犯他人的知识产权。
√
举例 2
You can easily forget how different life was 50 years ago.
It is easy to forget how different life was 50 years ago.
√
明确、明显 Explicitness
明确地表达
不要隐晦的表达观点或呈现证据，不要让读者猜测你的 意思。
书面语
The use of this method of control unquestionably leads to safer and faster train running in the most adverse weather conditions.
举例 2
口语
Whenever I’d visited there before, I’d ended up feeling that it would be futile if I tried to do anything more.
谨慎的语气 Hedging
学术写作应该传递的 是什么信息？
观点 事实
√
二者皆有
谨慎的语气 Hedging
学术写作应该只传播事实！
当你要讨论问题或提出观点时，请谨慎措辞
很多时候，你所讨论的问题并没有绝对的对错，没有一 个绝对正确的观点，没有绝对完美的解决方案。。。 State vs. suggest
专业英语写作
中国人民大学 心理学系 副教授 邢采
专业英语写作特点
复杂（Complexity） 正式（Formality） 客观（Objectivity） 明确、明显（Explicitness） 准确（Accuracy） 谨慎的语气（Hedging） 负责（Responsibility）
复杂 Complexity
书面语
Opinion in the colony greeted the promised change with enthusiasm.
正式 Formality
避免使用缩写 避免使用口语、俚语、黑话
正式 Formality
缩写
Isn’t It’ll be completed They’ve Can’t Doesn’t Shouldn’t
书面语言（非口语）
更多复杂的词汇和短语 更多词汇变异/多样性 更多名词短语 名词化 更复杂的语法 更多从句 更多介词短语 更多定语形容词 更多被动语态
举例 1
口语
You can control the trains this way and if you do that you can be quite sure that they’ll be able to run more safely and more quickly than they would otherwise, no matter how bad the weather gets.
书面语
Improvements in technology have reduced the risks and high costs associated with simultaneous installation.
举例 5
口语
The people in the colony rejoiced when it was promised that things would change in this way.
举例
Finally，it enables the therapist to asses the effectiveness of his own clinical skills and, hopefully, to improve them in future.
Finally，it enables the therapist to asses the effectiveness of his own clinical skills and, it is hoped, to improve them in future.
举例 1
The question of what constitutes “language proficiency” and the nature of its cross-lingual dimensions is also at the core of many hotly debated issues in the areas of bilingual education and second language pedagogy and testing. Researchers have suggested ways of making second language teaching and testing more “communicative” (Canale & Swain, 1980; Older, 1979) on the grounds that a communicative approach better reflects the nature of language proficiency than on which emphasizes the acquisition of discrete language skills.