1.M e t a l s a n d T h e i r U s e V o c a b u l a r y:engineering [ ♏⏹♎✞♓⏹♓☜❒♓☠] 工程学metal [ ❍♏♦●] 金属element [ ♏●♓❍☜⏹♦] 元素alloy [ ✌●♓] 合金iron [ ♋♓☜⏹] 铁carbon [ ♌☜⏹] 碳ferrous [ ♐♏❒☜♦] 含铁的nonferrous [ ⏹⏹♐♏❒☜♦] 不含铁的copper [ ☐☜] 铜aluminum [☜●◆❍♓⏹☜❍] 铝lead [●♓♎] 铅zinc [ ♓☠] 锌tin [♦♓⏹] 锡property [ ☐❒☐☜♦♓] 性质pure [☐◆☜] 纯的plasticity [☐●✌♦♦♓♦♓♦♓] 塑性ore [ ] 矿石mineral [ ❍♓⏹☜❒☜●] 矿物impurity [♓❍☐◆☜❒♓♦♓] 杂质metallurgy [❍♏♦✌●☜♎✞♓] 冶金construction [ ☜⏹♦♦❒✈☞☜⏹] 结构combine [ ☜❍♌♋♓⏹] 结合strength [♦♦❒♏☠] 强度hardness [ ♒♎⏹♓♦] 硬度etc = et cetra 等等, 及其他atom [ ✌♦☜❍] 原子ion [ ♋♓☜⏹] 离子malleable [ ❍✌●♓☜♌●] 有延展性的, 可锻的gallium [ ♈✌●♓☜❍] 镓cesium [ ♦♓☜❍] 铯mercury [ ❍☜◆❒♓] 水银, 汞rubidium [❒◆♌♓♎♓☜❍] 铷charge [♦☞♎✞] 充电metallic [❍♓♦✌●♓] 金属(性)的account for 说明A p p e n d i n g:1. Melting GalliumGallium metal has a melting point of 30°C, which is lower than our body temperature. In this photo, a sample of gallium melts in a person’s hand. Gallium, mercury, cesium, and rubidium are the only metal elements that melt near room temperature.2. SilverSilver, a typical metal, consists of a regular array of silver atoms that have each lost an electron to form a silver ion. The negatively charged electrons distribute themselves throughout theentire piece of metal and form nondirectional bonds between the positive silver ions. This arrangement, known as metallic bonding, accounts for the characteristic properties of metals: they are good electrical conductors because the electrons are free to move from one place to another, and they are malleable because the positive ions are held together by nondirectional forces. A force applied to a malleable substance shifts the positions of the atoms without2.P l a s t i c s a n d O t h e rM a t e r i a l sV o c a b u l a r y:plastic [ ☐●✌♦♦♓] 塑料preferable [ ☐❒♏♐☜❒☜♌●] 更好的traditional [♦❒☜♎♓☞☜⏹●] 传统的material [❍☜♦♓☜❒♓☜●] 原料comparison [ ☜❍☐✌❒♓♦⏹] 比较corrode [ ☜❒☜◆♎] 腐蚀inorganic [ ♓⏹♈✌⏹♓] 无机的sulphuric [♦✈●♐◆☜❒♓] 硫磺的hydrochloric[ ♒♋♓♎❒☜◆●❒♓] 盐酸的solvent [ ♦●☜⏹♦] 溶解的tetrachloride[ ♦♏♦❒☜●❒♋♓♎] 四氯化物rigid [ ❒♓♎✞♓♎] 钢硬的deform [♎♓♐❍] 变形specific gravity 比重readily [ ❒♏♎♓●♓] 容易地conduct [ ⏹♎✈♦] 传导electricity [♓●♏♦❒♓♦♓♦♓] 电shape [☞♏♓☐] 成形plasticity [☐●✌♦♦♓♦♓♦♓] 塑性temperature [ ♦♏❍☐❒♓♦☞☜] 温度mold [❍☜◆●♎] 模子laborious [●☜♌❒♓☜♦] 费力的assembly [☜♦♏❍♌●♓] 装配exploit [♓♦☐●♓♦] 开发entirely [♓⏹♦♋♓☜●♓] 完全地valve [ ✌●] 阀decoration [ ♎♏☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] 装饰spare [♦☐☪☜] 备用的surgery [ ♦☜♎✞☜❒♓] 外科adapt [☜♎✌☐♦] 改制due to 由于technique [♦♏⏹♓] 技术fabricate [ ♐✌♌❒♓♏♓♦] 制作injection molding 注塑法blow molding 吹塑法compression molding 压塑法extrusion [♏♦♦❒◆✞☜⏹] 挤压vacuum forming 真空成形thermoplastic [ ☜❍☜☐●✌♦♦♓] 热塑性塑料calender [ ✌●♓⏹♎☜] 以压光机压光pellet [ ☐♏●♓♦] 小球drape [♎❒♏♓☐] 遮盖thermosetting [ ☜❍☜◆♦♏♦♓☠] 热硬化性的laminate [ ●✌❍♓⏹♏♓♦] 碾压，层压matrix [ ❍♏♓♦❒♓♦] 基板tube [ ♦◆♌] 管, 管子fuse [♐◆] 熔合melt [❍♏●♦] (使)融化, (使)熔化, 使软化inflate [♓⏹♐●♏♓♦] 使膨胀, 使充气A p p e n d i n g1. How Thermoplastics are FormedThermoplastics are plastics that can be hardened and melted more than once. In the calendering process, continuous plastic sheets are formed by forcing hot plastic between successive sets of heated rollers.Injection molding uses a screw to push plastic through a heated tube into a mold.Extrusion is a continuous process that heats plastic pellets in a long barrel. A screw pushes the heated plastic through a die opening to form objects such as garden hose and piping.In thermoforming, a hot plastic sheet is draped over a mold and a vacuum draws the plastic down into the mold. Blow molding forms containers from soft, hollow plastic tubes that have a mold fitted around the outside. The tube is heated, and air injected into the heated tube expands the plastic against the walls of the mold.2. How Thermosetting Plastics areFormedThermosetting plastics are plastics that cannot be remelted once they have hardened. Compression molding forms thermosetting plastic objects in a steel mold. When heat and pressure are applied, the softened plastic squeezes into all parts of the mold to form the desired shape.Laminating binds layers of materialstogether in a plastic matrix. The layers are fused when heated plates melt the plastic and squeeze the material together.3. Blow Film ExtrusionA process known as blow filmextrusion uses an industrial blower to expand a hot plastic tube into a light, strong plastic bag. The air inflates the plastic tube like a balloon, until a bag with the desired shape, size, and wall thickness is formed.3.C a s t i n g a n dD i e-C a s t i n g A l l o y sV o c a b u l a r y:cast [ ♦♦] 铸造(过程)casting [ ♦♦♓☠] 铸件die-casting 模铸principle [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐●] 原则foundry [ ♐♋◆⏹♎❒♓] 铸造(技术)pour [☐] 灌注fraction [ ♐❒✌☞☜⏹] 小部分composition [ ❍☐☜♓☞☜⏹] 成分suitability [ ♦✞♦☜♊♌♓●☜♦♓] 适宜性intricate [ ♓⏹♦❒♓♓♦] 复杂的pig iron 生铁furnace [ ♐☜⏹♓♦] 熔炉cupola [ ◆☐☜●☜] 化铁炉ladle [ ●♏♓♎●] 杓子graphite [ ♈❒✌♐♋♓♦] 石磨stick [♦♦♓] 粘住solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] 凝固ingot [ ♓☠♈☜♦] 锭铁classify [ ●✌♦♓♐♋♓] 分类resist [❒♓♓♦♦] 抵制relatively [ ❒♏●☜♦♓●♓] 相关地magnesium [❍✌♈⏹♓☜❍] 镁maintenance [ ❍♏♓⏹♦♓⏹☜⏹♦] 维护erosion [♓❒☜◆✞☜⏹] 腐蚀checking [ ♦☞♏♓☠] 裂纹destructive [♎♓♦♦❒✈♦♓] 破坏性的die [♎♋♓] 模mold [❍☜◆●♎] 模retard [❒♓♦♎] 阻碍govern [ ♈✈☜⏹] 控制hollow [ ♒●☜◆] 中空的erosive [♓❒☜◆♦♓] 腐蚀性的disjoin [♎♓♦♎✞♓⏹] 拆散solvent [ ♦●☜⏹♦] 溶解的respective [❒♓♦☐♏♦♓] 分别的pronounced [☐⏹♋◆⏹♦♦] 显著的seldom [ ♦♏●♎☜❍] 很少whereas [♦☪☜❒✌] 然而copper-base alloy 铜基合金coke[ ☜◆] 焦炭limestone[ ●♋♓❍♦♦☜◆⏹] 石灰石strong steel高强度钢flask [♐●♦] 砂箱secure [♦♓◆☜] 紧闭bloom[♌●◆❍] 块钢slab [♦●✌♌] 厚平板white-hot白热的continue[ ☜⏹♦♓⏹◆] 延伸mill [ ❍♓●] 轧压soaking pit 均热炉wind [♦♋♓⏹♎] 缠绕coil [ ♓●] 卷A p p e n d i n g1. Steel ProductionMolten pig iron is poured into a basic oxygen furnace for conversion to steel. Steel is a form of iron produced from iron ore, coke, and limestone in furnace. Excess carbon and other impurities are removed to make a strong steel.2. Pipe CastingFounding is a process of producing metal castings. Figure 1 shows the pipe to be produced. The pattern for this casting is shown in figure 2. Figure 3 shows the top and bottom of the wooden flask in which the mold is made. Molding sand is packed around the pattern, as shown in figure 4. In figure 5, a core has been placed within the mold. When the other half of the mold is secured, the mold is ready for pouring.3. Hot Rolling and Continuous CastingContinuous casting is a method of working steel that conveys steel from its molten state to blooms, ingots, or slabs. The white-hot metal is poured into open-ended molds and continued on through rollers cooled by water. A series of guide rollers further shapes the steel into the desired form. However, hot rolling is still the primary means of milling steel. This process begins with pre-shaped steel slabs, which are reheated in a soaking pit. The steel passes through a series of mills: theblooming mill, the roughing mill, and the finishing mill, which make it progressivelythinner. Finally, the steel is wound into coils and transported elsewhere for further processinV o c a b u l a r y:forging [ ♐♎✞♓☠] 锻造blow [♌●☜◆] 突然的打击press [☐❒♏♦] 压力机squeeze [♦♦♓] 压榨deform [♎♓♐❍] 变形impact [ ♓❍☐✌♦] 撞击section [ ♦♏☞☜⏹] 截面vertical [ ☜♦♓☜●] 垂直的closed impression die 封闭式型腔模具strike [♦♦❒♋♓] 打击cavity [ ✌♓♦♓] 腔block [♌●] 坯料drop forging 落锤锻mechanically [❍♓✌⏹♓☜●♓] 机械地hydraulically [♒♋♓♎❒●♓●♓] 液压地capacity [ ☜☐✌♦♓♦♓] 能力ram [❒✌❍] 锤头perform [☐☜♐❍] 完成maximum [ ❍✌♦♓❍☜❍] 最大的mount [❍♋◆⏹♦] 安装individual [ ♓⏹♎♓♓♎◆☜●] 个别的draft [♎❒♐♦] 拔模斜度complicated [ ❍☐●♓♏♓♦♓♎] 复杂的extrude [♏♦♦❒◆♎] 挤压成transmit [♦❒✌⏹❍♓♦] 传输foundation [♐♋◆⏹♎♏♓☞☜⏹] 基座symmetrical [♦♓❍♏♦❒♓☜●] 对称的tolerance [ ♦●☜❒☜⏹♦] 公差irregular [♓❒♏♈◆●☜] 不规则的sizing operation 精加工roughly [ ❒✈♐●♓] 粗糙的desire [♎♓♋♓☜] 希望dimension [♎♓❍♏⏹☞☜⏹] 尺寸roll [ ❒☜◆●] 轧制furnace [ ♐☜⏹♓♦] 炉子indicate [ ♓⏹♎♓♏♓♦] 指示pyrometer [ ☐♋♓☜❒❍♓♦☜] 高温计exact [♓♈✌♦] 精确的brass [♌❒♦] 黄铜hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] 落锤close [ ●☜◆] 接近的overheat [ ☜◆☜♒♓♦] 过热judge [♎✞✈♎✞] 判断anvil [ ✌⏹♓●] 铁砧crucial [ ❒◆☞☜●] 至关紧要的A p p e n d i n g1. Blacksmith at WorkSometimes called smithing, or blacksmithing, hand forging is the simplest form of forging and it is one of the methods by which metal was first worked. The metal to be forged is first heated to red heat in the fire of a forge, and then is beaten into shape on a metal anvil with hammers.2. Red-hot SteelSteel structural components glow in a temperature of thousands of degrees in a furnace. Intense heat is crucial in the metallurgy of iron and steel, since these metals can be more easily worked byprocesses such as hammering, rolling, and so on, when they are hot.An ingot, red-hot and malleable from the high temperature of the soaking pit, is lifted out of the furnace for further processing. As the steel is worked and reheated, it becomes stronger.5.S o l d e r i n g a n dW e l d i n gV o c a b u l a r y:article [ ♦♓●] 物品particle [ ☐♦♓●] 微粒soldering [ ♦●♎☜❒♓☠] 软焊, 锡焊, 低温焊接solder [ ♦●♎☜] 焊料melting point 熔点light articles of steel 薄钢件bismuth [ ♌♓❍☜] 铋cadmium [ ✌♎❍♓☜❍] 镉brass [♌❒♦] 黄铜braze [♌❒♏♓] 铜焊rivete [ ❒♓♓♦] 铆定weld [♦♏●♎] 焊接；焊缝adopt [☜♎☐♦] 采用permanent [ ☐☜❍☜⏹☜⏹♦] 永久的flame [♐●♏♓❍] 火焰thoroughly [ ✈❒☜●♓] 彻底的oxidation [ ♦♓♎♏♓☞☜⏹] 氧化film [♐♓●❍] 薄膜oxide [ ♦♋♓♎] 氧化物flux [♐●✈♦] 焊剂employ [♓❍☐●♓] 使用fusion [ ♐◆✞☜⏹] 熔化oxy-acetylene [ ♦♓☜♦♏♦♓●♓⏹] 氧乙炔的torch [♦♦☞] 火炬electrode [♓●♏♦❒☜☺♎] 电极metallic [❍♓♦✌●♓] 金属的insulate [ ♓⏹♦◆●♏♓♦] 绝缘filler [ ♐♓●☜] 填充物rod [❒♎] 杆struck [♦♦❒✈] 击穿slight [♦●♋♓♦] 轻微的overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] 交迭trap [♦❒✌☐] 聚集dirt [♎☜♦] 脏物dissolve [♎♓●] 溶解butt [♌✈♦] 平接shield [☞♓●♎] 保护, 防护actinic [✌♦♓⏹♓] 光化学的ray [❒♏♓] 光线, 射线lining [ ●♋♓⏹♓☠] 内层tint [♦♓⏹♦] 浅色A p p e n d i n gArc WeldingArc welding relies on the intense heatproduced from an electrical arc. An arc forms when a current flows through two electrodes that are separated. The electricity arcs through the air, or another gas, between the electrodes and gives off light and heat.A welder wears protects eyewear to shield his eyes from the actinic rays produced by a welding arc. Intense bright light of this sort can be very damaging to the inner lining of the eye and may result in partial or permanent blindness. Although sunglasses with a light tint are sufficient for eye protection from the sun, a much deeper tint is required to protect the eyes during welding operations. A protective viewing plate allows the welder to view the welding process without fear of damage to the eyes.。