非谓语动词有3种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（一）不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的性质。

动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”，不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。

不定式可做主语、宾语、状语、标语和定语，但不能单独做谓语。

不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for/of +名词或代词宾格”构成。

一作主语。

不定式做主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it做形式主语。

1. To see is to believe.2. It’s difficult (for us) to learn English.3. It’s foolish of her to believe him.= She is foolish to believe him.二作表语1. His aim is to win the first prize.2. All we can do is (to) wait.One’s dream / aim / ambition / wish / The first step / What I want to do is to…三作宾语1. He demanded to be told the truth.2. He pretended to be doing his homework / to have fallen asleep when Mother came in.（decide / fail / manage / refuse / pretend / choose / agree / hope/ plan / promise / make up one’s mind + to do）3. I don’t know what to do.（decide / find out / know / learn / consider etc + 疑问词+ to do）4. Anyone can become a better scholar if he wants to.5. ---Are you on holiday? ---No, but I’d like to be.四作宾补或主补1. I’ll have him say something at the meeting.have sb do = get sb to dofeel; hear / listen to; let / have / make; see / watch / look at / notice / observe sb do但被动语态要+ to, let 例外Listen to me read the text.He is often listened to sing the song.He was let go by the police.2. He ordered his men to fire.wish / advise / persuade / allow / permit / want / tell / ask / expect / order / require / request sb to dosuggest / hope / agree / demand / arrange sb to do3. He is said to be doing the work of next year.It’s said that he is doing the work of next year.sb + seem / appear / happen / be said / be reported / be known /be found / be believed + to do / to be doing / to have ( been) doneIt + seem / appear / happen / be said … / be believe that….六作定语1. I have a lot of work to do / no pen to write with.2. the first to come / to be awarded the Nobel Prize3. the last person to do such a thing 最不愿意做…的人4. the house to be built next year比较: the house being built now / build last year注意（1）做定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后应有相应的介词。

例如：He is looking for a room to live in.She has no knife to cut with.但是，不定式修饰的名词如果是time、place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。

例如：He has no money and no place to live.注意（2）做定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式或动作的承受者时，不定式可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，但含义有所不同。

比较：A)Have you anything to send?你有东西要寄吗？（不定式to send的动作执行者是you）B)Have you anything to be sent?你有什么（要我或别人）寄的东西吗？（to be sent 的动作执行者是被省略的me或someone else）七作状语(表示目的、原因、结果或条件）目的to / in order to / so as to结果enough to / too…to / so…as to / such…as to / only to1. The bus stopped to pick up passengers. （目的）2. He set out early in order to / so as to catch the first bus.= In order to / To catch the first bus he set out early.3. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.（原因）4. I hurried to school only to be told it was a holiday. （结果）only to do sth 表示出于预料之外的结果5. To look at him, you would like him.(条件)不定式的否定形式She kept silent about the accident so as not to lose his job.不定式的完成和被动式The book seems to have been translated into English.但是: The book is difficult to understand.I have a letter to write / a lot of work to do.He is to blame for the accident.Ⅱ动名词具有名词的性质一作主语1. Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.2. It’s no use / no good / useless doing sth. It’s no use crying over spilt milk.3. Being forced to leave the classroom made him feel embarrassed.二作表语1. My job is teaching English.比较: One’s dream / aim / ambition / The first step is to do sth.动名词作表语, 可与主语交换位置, 句子成立; 现在分词则不能。

三作宾语（动宾/ 介宾/ it 作形式宾语）1. I appreciate hearing from you again.2. He doesn’t feel like eating anything.四作定语1. a writing desk2. a swimming pool 动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途比较: a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping 现在分词作定语表示被修饰名词的动作Ⅲ现在分词和过去分词具有形容词和副词的性质一作表语The news is exciting. We are excited.二作宾补或主补感官动词和实意动词see / hear / watch / look at / notice / feelMake/have/leave/get四作定语1.falling leaves / fallen leaves2.a friend living in London3.the book written by Lu Xun 五作状语1. Be careful while crossing the street.Having been shown the lab, they were taken to see the library.Hearing the news, they jumped with joy. （时间）2. Being repaired, the swimming pool doesn’t open today.Not having received her letter, she wrote another.Encouraged by his teacher, he decided to follow a music career. (原因)3. Given enough time, we could do it much better.Turning left, you will find the shop. (条件)4. They stood there waiting for a bus.The old man went out of the hospital, supported by his son.We walked as fast as we could, hoping to catch the first bus.(伴随)5. The new machine works twice as fast, thus greatly reducing cost.His parents died, leaving him an orphan.分词表示自然的结果;不定式则表示预料之外的结果6. Though / Even if invited, he will not come (让步)※独立主格结构分词作状语时, 其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致, 否则必须有自己独立的逻辑主语Seen from the top of the building, the city looked very charming.Time permitting, we’ll have a discussion.独立主格结构由名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词等构成，在句中作原因、条件、时间和伴随状语1. There being no bus, we had to walk home.2. Weather permitting, we will have a picnic.with 结构1. with + n + doingwith so many patients waiting outside a boy2. with + n + donewith his eyes fixed on the blackboard3. with + n + to dowith so much work to do非谓语动词专项练习1. ___ anything about the accident, he went to work as usual.A . Don’t k now B. not to know C. not knowing D. not to be knowing2. the next morning she found the man __in bed, dead.A. lyingB. lieC. layD. laying3. he had his leg __in the match yesterday.A .to break B. broken C. break D. breaking4. most of the people __ to the party were famous scientists.A. invitedB. to inviteC. being invitedD. inviting5. Do you know the boy ___under the tree?A. layB. lainC. layingD. lying6. ---Good morning. Can I help you?-----I‘d like to have this package ___A. be weighedB. to be weighedC. to weighD. weighed8._____more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. givenB. to giveC. givingD. having given9. the murderer was brought in, with his hand ___behind his back..A. being tiedB. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied10. the secretary worked late into the night ,___a long speech for the president.A. to prepareB. preparingC. preparedD. was preparing11. she’s upstairs ____ a letter.A. writesB. is writingC. writeD. writing12. it was so cold that they kept the fire ___all night.A. to burnB. burnC. burningD. burned13.the speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ___A. hearB. to hearC. hearingD. heard14. _______ a reply, he decided to write again.A. not receivingB. receiving notC. not having receivedD. having not received15.the salesman scolded the girl caught ___ and let her off.A. to have stolenB. to be stealingC. to stealD. stealing16. “can’t you read ?” she said ____to the notice.A. angrily pointingB. and point angrilyC. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing17.the missing boys were seen ____near the river.A. playingB. to be playingC. playD.to play18._______to top of the hill, and you can see the whole of the town.A. GetB. To getC. GettingD. Having got CA B A D DAADBDCDCD A AA。