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英语的英标-发音规则和练习

第一节关于语音的几个概念1、音素: 构成语音的最小单位。

英语音素共有48个。

音标是用来表示音素的符号。

目前常用的音标是国际音标和kk音标,音标一律放在[]或/ /中,以示区别字母。

英语中有26个字母,其中5个元音字母(a、e、i、o、u)1个半元音字母y(还可用作辅音字母),辅音字母20个。

这些26个字母及其组合分别构成48个音素。

音标大体可以分为两类,元音和辅音,其中20个元音,28个辅音。

注意英语单词的拼写与读音往往不一致,同一个字母或字母组合可代表不同的音素,而不同的字母组合却又可代表相同的音素。

2、元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,发音时声带振动,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音:单元音12个:前元音4个[i:] [i] [e] [æ]中元音2个[ə:] [ə]后元音6个[a:] [ʌ] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [u:] [u]双元音8个,合口双元音5个[ei] [ai] [əu] [au] [ɔi]集中双元音3个[i ə] [εə] [uə]3、辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,分清辅音和浊辅音,清辅音发音时声带不振动,浊辅音发音时声带振动,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.清辅音11个,浊辅音17个。

[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð][ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ ] [dʒ ] [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz][h] [r][l] [m] [n][ŋ] [w] [j]4、音节: 音节是语言的最小单位,可由元音音素单独构成,也可由元音音素加辅音音素构成,还可由辅音音素中的响音[l]、 [m] 、[n]、 [ŋ]与前面的辅音音素构成。

包含一个音节的词叫单音节词,包含两个音节的词叫双音节词,包含三个或以上音节的词叫多音节词。

双音节词和多音节词的音节划分,两个元音之间只有一个辅音,辅音划给后一个音节;如两个元音之间有两个辅音,一个音节划一个辅音。

5、重读音节:在双音节词或多音节词中,读得特别响亮的那个音节叫做重读音节,其他为非重读音节,多音节词有时还有一个次重读音节。

单音节词本身就是重读音节。

重读音节中的元音后没有辅音字母,或有辅音字母(r除外)加不发音的e,叫重读闭音节。

重读音节中的元音后有辅音字母(r除外)且其后没有不发音的e,叫重读闭音节。

6、开音节:1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine 2)辅音+元音 he hi go no do be tree three hello7、闭音节:1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head2)元音+辅音 it is of in on up out ant8、r音节:是以一个元音字母加r构成的重读音节。

元音字母在重读r音节中均读长元音,元音字母不按照一般音节的规则读音,读法如下:ar[a:],er、ir、ur[ə:] ,or[ɔ:]。

第二节26个字母发音规律a 开音节/ei/ name cake table 例外/æ/ have闭音节/æ/ apple cat map 例外/α: / want dance /o/ what watchb /b/ book big bag boxc /k/ cat cake cup clock car/s/ face nice pencil booksd /d/ desk doll dog dade 开音节/i:/ he she meet me闭音节/e/ elephant egg bed penf /f/ fine friend fly foot fang /ɡ/ gun glass glad glove/d / age orangeh /h/ hat he house handi 开音节/ai / fine bike five ice 例外/i/live give /i:/police闭音节/i/ is sit miss pig picture例外/ai /kind wildj / d / jeep jam jacket jark /k/ kite cake black thankl /l/ leg left ruler flag lampm /m/ am map my mouth milkn /n/ no know new hando 开音节/əu / old home nose coke 例外/∧ /some /u:/ to闭音节/o/ dog not clock box例外/∧ / son month mother/əu / bothp /p/ map jeep pig pen appleq /kw / quite quilt quickr /r/ red radio brother rackets /s/ sit miss this smile books/z/ nose those rose rulerst /t/ it sit not that table littleu 开音节/ju: / use usually excuse例外/u:/rule闭音节/∧ / bus us sun duck/ u / put pull push例外/u:/truth / i /busyV /v / five vase very sevenw /w/ we window watch wantx /ks / box six foxy /ai / my fly why bye 在词中或词尾,无元音/ i / happy baby very 在词中或词尾,有元音/ j / yes yellow 在词首Z / z / zoo zero第三节元音和辅音1 、元音:元音字母的读音取决于位于重读音节还是非重读音节,重读音节中读字母本身音,非重读音节中读短音。

元音字母和元音字母或元音字母和辅音字母都可组成字母组合。

前元音4个[i:] [i][e] [æ]1)[i:]发音字母:e he she me(e)字母组合: ie ee eapiece receive ceiling (ie,ei)three tree green sheep meet seek(ee)eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak2) [i]发音字母:e i ydefect decide delicioussit picture it is list six mix fix fit pigmyth many twenty happy dictionary3) [e] 发音字母:e aelephant electric remember sell shell lesson betterany many字母组合:ea head bread pleasure4) [æ]发音字母: a bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back中元音2个[ə:][ə]5) [ə:] 字母组合: ir er or ur eargirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third birdterm her nerd servework worm work worldturn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burgerlearn earn earth heard6) [ə] 发音字母:a o e uaround account agopoliteelephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listenfamulus Saturday字母组合:ar er or oucollar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington controlteacher leader remember player speaker farmer powderdoctor actor mayor author tractordelicious graciouspleasure familiar后元音6个[a:] [ʌ] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [u:] [u]7) [a:]发音字母:a fast class last glass plant aunt calm字母组合:ar car farm card arm garden8) [ʌ] 发音字母:u oup supper lunch fun gun hunt cup buscome mother dose brother love above字母组合:oo ou blood flood trouble rough flourish9) [ɔ:]字母组合:al au ar aw or oursmall wall talk tall hall ball call walkauthor caught autumnwarm quarrel quarterdraw saw flawshort more lord horse for forty sport door floor storefour mourn court bought10) [ɔ]发音字母:o ahot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar notwant wash11) [u:]发音字母:o u shoe do two true truth blue full字母组合:oo food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth12) [u] 发音字母:o u put full bull pull push woman wolf字母组合:oo ou look good foot book should could双元音8个,合口双元音5个[ei] [ai] [əu][au] [oi]13) [ei]发音字母:a name cake late gate plane April字母组合:ai ay ea eyrain paint plain play say may waygreat break they grey14) [ai]发音字母:i ybike fine find die nine light night highmy try fly eye15) [əu]发音字母:o home cold go no phone host ghost字母组合:oa owboat coat goal know low below grow blow show flow16) [au]字母组合:ou owhouse out flour ground account count sound loud around mouseflower down now cow how town17) [ɔi] 字母组合oi oyoil soil voice choice boy toy joy集中双元音3个[i ə] [εə] [uə]18) [i ə]字母组合:eerbeer deer ear idea near here fierce19) [εə]字母组合:ear airpear bear chair air fair care there where20) [uə]字母组合:our hour tour poor flower shower2、容易混淆的元音[æ] [e]bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said[i:] [ei]real rail greet great mean main read raid[e] [ai]bet bite red write said side head hide[au] [ɔ:]house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor [au] [∧]found fond down done gown gone town ton3、辅音:英语的辅音字母发音较为简单。

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