13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
抗酸染色法
(Acid-fast stain: Ziehl-Neelsen stain)
First described by two German doctors: the bacteriologist Franz Ziehl and the pathologist Friedrich Neelsen
Acid fast organisms like Mycobacterium contain large amounts of lipid substances within their cell walls called mycolic acids. These acids resist staining by ordinary methods such as a Gram stain.
血、脑脊液→增菌
（ Ab→菌? ）
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
显微镜检查
Gram-stain Acid-fast stain
Ziehl-Neelsen
Fluorescence
Direct, e.g. auramine Immunofluorescence
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
革兰染色法
Developed by Hans Christian Gram, a Danish scientist in 1884
A method to differentiate bacterial species into two large groups (G+ and G-)
细菌感染的诊断与防治
何秋水
Qiushui.He@utu.fi
13.3.2016
பைடு நூலகம்
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
为什么要进行特异诊断
能为病人提供更好的治疗 为合理使用抗生素 节省开支 及时开展有效的预防措施
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
标本采集
无菌操作，避免污染 适宜的采集时间和采集部位 疾病早期和使用抗生素之前采集
注意事项 冷藏速送（奈瑟菌除外）
及时检测 生物安全（烈性传染病）
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
细菌学诊断方法
A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Gram-positive cocci, in purple) and Escherichia coli (Escherichia coli ATCC 11775, gram-negative bacilli, in red)
直接涂片染色镜检-形态学鉴定 分离培养-观察菌落特征、动力（不同培养
基、培养方法） 生化试验-如：肠道杆菌 血清学实验-用抗体检测致病菌
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
细菌及其抗原的检查
脓/痰/尿→涂片、染色、镜检
↑
→ 生化反应
标本 分离培养→纯培养
↑
→ Ag-Ab反应
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
临床微生物实验室的作用
做特异的病原学 (细菌，病毒，真菌，和寄 生虫)诊断
为病人提供更好和更有效的诊断和治疗 预防和控制疾病在医院和社区内的传播
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
细菌感染的诊断
It is a special bacteriological stain used to identify acid-fast organisms, mainly Mycobacteria (M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, M. kansasii, M. marinum, M bovis, M. afircanum and members of the M. avium complex).
The differentiation is based on the chemical and physical properties of bacterial cell walls, peptidoglycan, present in a thick layer in G+ bacteria
G+ bacteria are stained purple by crystal violet, whereas G-bacteria have a thinner layer so do not retain the purple stain and are counter-stained pink by the Safranin.
细菌学诊断-致病菌及其抗原或代谢产物 血清学诊断-患者血清中的特异性抗体 分子生物学诊断-致病菌特异DNA片段
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
第一节 细菌学诊断
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
确认细菌引起的传染病的过程
Acid-fast bacilli will be bright red after staining.
13.3.2016
Bacteriology / Qiushui He
细菌培养
Solid media Agar plates For Identification For Enumeration Slopes For safety long-term culture, e.g. Lowenstein-Jensen media for TB
It can also be used to stain a few other bacteria, such as Nocardia.
/wiki/Gram_staining
The reagents used are Ziehl–Neelsen carbol fuchsin, acid alcohol, and methylene blue.