Chinese by Jerry Norman龚群虎Page number, Chinese, English1 02 共时synchronic3 历时diachronic4linguist语言学家5 汉语研究Chinese studies6 调号tone mark7 1-18 甲骨文oracle boneinscription/script9 古汉语Classical Chinese10 中古汉语Middle Chinese11 早期白话Early Vernacular Chinese12 上海方言Shanghai dialect13 书面语言written language14 口头语言spoken language15 文化连续性cultural continuity16 汉语方言Chinese dialects17 北京话Peking dialect18 广州话Cantonese19 文言文Literary Chinese20 方言学家dialectologist21 金文bronze inscription/script22 孔子Confucius23 孟子Mencius24 方言描写dialect description25 高本汉（人名）Bernhard Karlgren26 中古汉语（高本汉）Ancient Chinese27 赵元任（人名）Yuen Ren Chao28 吴语Wu dialects29 方言调查dialect survey/fieldwork30 共通语koine31 现代汉语Modern Chinese32 方言dialect33 1-234 （汉语）周边语言neighboring languages35 阿尔泰语系Altaic language family36 突厥语言Turkic languages37 蒙古语言Mongolian languages38 通古斯语言Tungusic languages39 日语Japanese40 朝鲜语Korean41 无声调语言atonal/non-tonal language42 多音节语言polysyllabic language43 类型学（的）typological44 后缀suffix45 元音和谐现象vowel harmony46 语序（词序）word order47 主语subject48 宾语object49 藏缅语言Tibeto-Burman languages50 马提索夫（人名）James Matisoff51 苗瑶语言Miao-Yao languages52 亲属关系genetic relationship53 张琨（人名）Kun Chang54 唐纳（人名）G.B.Downer55 奥德里古（人名）Haudricourt56 台语Tai languages57 李方桂（人名）Fang Kuei Li58 《比较台语手册》 A Handbook of ComparativeTai59 侗水语言Kam-Sui languages60 白保罗（人名）Paul K. Benedict61 “泰-卡岱”语言Tai-Kadai languages62 南亚语系Austroasiatic languagefamily63 孟高棉语言Mon-Khmer languages64 南岛语系Austronesian languagefamily65 1-366 类型特征typologicalfeatures/characteristics 67 语音对应phonologicalcorrespondence68 音系的phonological69 形态的morphological70 句法的syntactic71 有调语言tonal language72 单音节的monosyllabic73 语素morpheme74 固定音高模式fixed pitch pattern75 平调level tone76 升降调(轮廓调) contour tone77 音位的phoneme/phonemic78 元音音段vocalic segment79 辅音音段consonantal segment80 四声the four tones81 高平调high level82 高升调high rising83 低降调low falling84 低降升调low falling-rising85 缅彝语言Lolo-Burmese languages86 语系language family87 浊（带音）voicing88 音节首音syllable onset89 送气aspiration90 喉音化glottalization91 复辅音consonant/consonantalcluster92 复辅音的简化和消失simplification and loss ofconsonantal clusters93 语言接触language contact94 孤立语isolating language95 分析语analytic language96 语法关系grammatical relationship97 词缀affix98 准词缀quasi-affix99 量词measure100 数词numeral101 限定词determinative102 历史演变historical development103 语言类型分类typological classificationof languages104 越芒语言Viet-Muong languages105 句法特点syntactic feature106 修饰词modifier107 东亚语言East Asian languages108 泰语（暹罗语）Thai(Siamese)109 越南语Vietnamese110 高棉语Khmer111 藏文Written Tibetan112 马来语Malay113 满语Manchu114 维吾尔语Uygur115 1-4116 发生学的（亲属的）genealogical117 构拟reconstruction118 转写transcription119 同源词cognates120 语义的semantic121 汉藏语Sino-Tibetan languages122 确定同源词identification of cognates 123 语音对应规则rule of phonologicalcorrespondence124 同源词集cognate set125 上古汉语Old Chinese(OC)126 汉语上古音Old Chinese phonology127 中古汉语Middle Chinese(MC)128 韵书rhyme dictionary/book129 上古音构拟reconstruction of OldChinese Phonology130 《汉藏语概论》（白保罗）Sino-Tibetan: a conspectus 131 汉学家sinologist132 谱系树family tree133 比较语言学comparative linguistics134 汉藏语言学Sino-Tibetan linguistics 135 1-5136 非汉（人、语）non-Han137 不操汉语的non-Chinese-speaking138 （音译）借词loanword139 词源（学）etymology140 注疏家commentator141 原始苗瑶语proto-Miao-Yao142 原始台语proto-Tai143 北京土语Peking vernacular144 第一人称first person145 复数plural146 排除式exclusive form147 包括式inclusive form148 仿译词calque149 复合词compound150 希腊语Greek151 拉丁语Latin152 术语terminology153 造（新词）coin/coinage154 汉语音韵史History of Chinesephonology155 （汉字）字形graph156 （汉字）读音pronunciation157 汉语的域外“方言”foreign 'dialects' ofChinese158 欧洲语言European languages159 汉语词根Chinese roots160 原始汉语proto-Chinese161 拼写法（正字法）orthography162 2-1163 汉语的分期periodicization of Chinese 164 2-2165 原始汉语Proto-Chinese166 上古汉语Old Chinese167 中古汉语Middle Chinese168 早期官话Early Mandarin169 韵图rhyme table170 押韵rhyming171 四声the four tones/tonecategories172 平声level tone173 上声rising tone174 去声departing tone175 入声entering tone176 辅音韵尾consonantal ending177 元音韵尾(后滑音) offglide178 音节syllable179 双声alliteration180 押韵rhyme181 同音homophonous182 音段(sound)segment183 语音的phonetic184 音系（音韵）的phonological185 韵rhyme186 韵目rhyme heading187 声母initial188 韵母final189 介音medial190 主元音main vowel191 韵尾ending192 反切上字fanqie upper character193 音值phonetic value194 2-3195 蒲立本（人名）Edwin G. Pulleyblank196 清音voiceless197 浊音voiced198 塞音stop199 塞擦音affricate200 擦音fricative201 响音resonant/sonorant202 鼻音nasal203 边音lateral204 半元音semi-vowel205 发音部位place of articulation206 唇音labial207 双唇音bilabial208 唇齿音labiodental209 卷舌音retroflex210 舌根音velar211 齿音dental212 咝音sibilant213 喉塞音glottal stop214 元音音位vocalic phoneme215 开口open216 合口closed217 等grade/division(Karlgren) 218 2-4219 汉语域外借词Sinoxenic220 舌尖tip of tongue221 送气aspirated222 不送气unaspirated223 文白异读colloquial vs. literaryforms224 2-5225 韵部rhyme group226 开音节open syllable227 闭音节close syllable228 形旁signific229 声旁phonetic230 同声必同部charaters sharing the samephonetic belong to thesame rhyme group231 语文学家philologist232 《汉文典》Grammata Serica233 雅洪托夫（人名）Sergei Yakhontov234 谐声系列phonetic series235 辅音前缀consonantal prefix236 鼻音nasal237 流音liquid238 圆唇舌根辅音labiovelar239 腭化palatalization240 央化centralization241 前化fronting242 央元音schwa243 2-6244 女真族Jurchen245 八思巴字Phags-pa246 龙果夫（人名）Dragunov247 桥本万太郎（人名）Hashimoto Mandaro248 2-7249 舒声lax/non-abrupt tone250 促声abrupt tone251 调类tone categories252 调值tone value253 音位变体allophone254 区别特征distinctive features255 高低调register256 马伯乐（人名）Henri Maspero257 奥德里古（人名）André Haudricourt258 基本词汇basic words259 无调语言toneless language260 外来词的汉语转写transcription of loanwords 261 无标记的unmarked262 声调起源tonogenesis263 3-1264 汉字Chinese writing system，Chinese character， Chinesescript265 甲骨文oracle bone script266 金文bronze script267 语素文字morphemic script/writing268 音节文字syllabic script/writing269 字graph/character270 象形字pictograph271 近音字near-homophone272 3-2273 文字改革script reform274 篆书seal script275 隶书clerical script276 3-3277 古文字ancient script278 大篆(籀文) great seal script279 小篆small seal script280 字书graphic dictionary281 商代甲骨文Shang oracle bone script282 周代金文Zhou bronze script283 战国文字Warring States script284 3-4285 书法家calligrapher286 笔划stroke287 楷书standard script288 草书cursive script289 六书the six principles of writing290 文(独体字) simple graph291 字(合体字) composite graph292 形声字phonetic compound，phonogram293 形旁signific/semantic294 声旁 phonetic295 假借字loan character， loangraph 296 部首radical， graphic classifier297 字形graphic shape298 3-5299 章草regulated cursive script300 今草modern cursive script301 行书running script302 3-6303 方言词dialectal word304 标准化standardization305 十三经the thirteen Confucian classics 306 3-7307 拼音文字alphabetic writing308 拉丁字母Latin alphabet309 西里尔字母Cyrillic alphabet310 阿拉伯字母Arabic alphabet311 词源学etymology312 高频词high-frequency word313 词根root314 方言字dialectal character315 音节字母syllabary316 假名字母kana317 谚文字母hangul318 字喃chu nom319 拉丁化书写体系Latinized writing system320 繁体字traditional character/script321 简化字simplified character/script322 4-1323 符号系统symbolic system324 语法系统grammatical system325 聚合类paradigmatic class326 动宾结构verb-object construction327 句法位置syntactic position328 4-2329 单语素的monomorphemic330 派生构词法derivational morphology331 能产的productive332 双语素的bimorphemic333 否定词negative334 指示词demonstrative335 祈使的imperative336 代名词的pronominal337 合音词fusion word338 叠音词reduplicate339 叠韵词rhyming semi-reduplicate 340 双声词alliterative semi-reduplicate 341 4-3342 词类word class343 句法功能syntactic function344 词性part of speech345 名词性的nominal346 动词性的verbal347 虚词empty word348 实词full word349 封闭(词)类closed class350 开放(词)类open class351 方位词localizer352 时间词time word353 单数形式singular form354 复数形式plural form355 第二人称second person356 不定代词indefinite pronoun357 疑问代词interrogative pronoun358 及物性transitivity359 使动用法causative usage360 意动用法putative usage361 被动语态passive voice362 助动词auxiliary verb363 从句clause364 次范畴/次类subcategory365 范围副词adverbs of scope366 程度副词adverbs of degree367 名物化nominalization368 连词conjunction369 叹词interjection370 系词copula371 4-4372 名词(谓语)句nominal sentence373 动词(谓语)句verbal sentence374 附加成份adjunct375 直接宾语direct object376 间接宾语indirect object377 存在句existential sentence378 互补分布complementary distribution 379 并列结构parallel construction380 4-5381 否定negation382 疑问interrogation383 语气mood384 语态voice385 情态modality386 是非问句yes/no question387 疑问词question word388 句末助词sentence-final particle389 反义词antonym390 发语词sentence-initial particle391 情态助词modal auxiliary392 反问rhetorical question393 名物化的动词nominalized verb394 反身结构reflexive construction395 4-7396 定语从句relative clause397 4-8398 主谓结构subject-predicate construction 399 4-10400 新词语neologism401 5-1402 白话written vernacular403 通俗文学popular literature404 历史语法historical grammar405 年代确定dating406 5-2407 双音节词disyllabic words408 亲属称谓kinship terms409 人名personal names410 语义范畴semantic category411 名词后缀noun/nominal suffix412 小称后缀diminutive suffix413 语义引申semantic extension414 贬义pejorative sense415 5-3416 属格形式genitive form417 宾格形式accusative form418 数number419 复数标记plural marker420 谓词predicative421 动词搭配verbal collocation422 5-4423 复合动词verbal compound， compoundverb424 结果补语resultative complement425 方向补语directional complement426 及物动词transitive verb427 体貌系统aspectual system428 系动词copular verb429 委婉表达circumlocution， euphemism 430 程度副词adverb of degree431 形容词最高级superlative degree of adjectives 432 （语言）创新innovation433 文学语言借用literary borrowing434 使役动词causative verb435 动词后位置postverbal position436 5-5437 语序的演变change in word order438 工具(格)标记marker of instrumentality439 派生derive， derivation440 语序普遍现象word order universals441 句法的历史演变historical syntactic change442 格林伯格（人名）Joseph Greenberg443 介词词组prepositional phrase444 动词前位置preverbal position445 类型性演变typological change446 6-1官方语言official language447 国语national language448 通用语lingua franca449 土语localism450 6-2451 语言政策language policy452 多语的multilingual453 多方言的multidialectal454 单语的monolingual455 6-3456 北京音Peking pronunciation457 音系描写phonological description 458 历史比较historical comparison459 语言理论linguistic theories460 唇音labial461 齿龈音/舌尖中音alveolar462 齿擦音/舌尖音dental sibilant463 翘舌音/舌尖后音retroflex464 硬腭音/舌面前音palatal465 舌根音guttural466 塞音stop467 鼻音nasal468 擦音fricative469 通音continuant470 送气aspirated471 不送气unaspirated472 浊voiced473 音长length， duration474 音强intensity475 声门化glottality476 6-3477 弱辅音lenis478 舌尖tip of the tongue479 舌叶blade of the tongue480 小舌uvula481 元音音首vocalic onset482 6-4483 国际音标IPA484 声学语音学acoustic phonetics485 （元音描写）高high486 （元音描写）前front487 （元音描写）不圆唇unrounded488 （元音描写）圆唇rounded489 （元音描写）后back490 （元音描写）中mid491 央化centralization492 央中元音schwa，shwa493 儿化音rhotacization494 6-6495 变调tone sandhi496 语素音位morphophoneme497 6-7498 语调intonation499 重音stress500 重音音位stress phoneme501 轻声neutral tone， atonic tone，weak tone502 6-8503 语素音位交替morphophonemic alternation 504 昵称terms of endearments505 7-1506 索绪尔(人名) de Saussure507 叶斯柏森(人名) Otto Jespersen508 布龙菲尔德(人名) Leonard Bloomfield509 结构主义structuralism510 参考语法reference grammar511 转换生成语法transformational generativegrammar512 7-2513 三音节词trisyllabic words514 名词后缀nominal suffix515 序数前缀ordinal prefix516 7-3517 词界word boundary518 非能产的unproductive519 准前缀quasi-prefix520 词根语素root morpheme521 7-4522 实体词content word523 功能词function word524 动词后缀verbal suffix525 完成体perfect aspect526 持续体durative aspect527 性gender528 连词conjunction529 语气词particle530 叹词interjection531 象声词onomatopoeia532 7-5533 语法范畴grammatical category 534 有定的definite535 无定的indefinite536 从属subordination537 修饰modification538 格case539 施事agent540 非标记的unmarked541 与格dative542 离格ablative543 未完成体imperfect aspect544 状态动词stative verb545 动作动词action verb546 否定negation547 7-6548 简单句simple sentence549 复合句composite sentence550 话题topic551 评述comment552 体后缀aspectual suffix553 动物性animate554 非动物性inanimate555 陈述declarative556 疑问interrogative557 祈使imperative558 真值truth value559 不合语法的ungrammatical560 7-7561 词典学lexicography562 同音字homophonous characters 563 7-8564 拉丁化romanization;latinization 565 8-0566 方言变异dialectal variation567 8-1568 方言分区/分类dialect classification569 同质的homogeneous570 8-2571 方言分歧/差异dialect diversity572 8-3573 历史语言学家historical linguist574 底层语言substratum language575 罗曼语族语言Romance languages576 8-4577 中央研究院史语所Institute of History andPhilology of the AcademiaSinica578 方言学家dialectologist579 方言地理dialect geography580 方言特征dialectal features581 8-5582 方言边界/分界dialect boundary583 方言地图dialect atlas584 同化assimilate /assimilation585 汉语方言学Chinese dialectology586 8-6587 少数民族语言minority languages588 方言岛dialect island589 清化devoice590 自由变异free variation591 普遍特征universal feature592 尖音sharp sounds593 团音round sounds594 圆唇介音rounded medials595 舌尖元音apical vowels596 双元音diphthong597 三元音triphthong598 调值tonal value599 代词系统pronominal system600 等言线isogloss601 非官话方言non-Mandarin dialects602 8-7603 音位对立phonemic contrast604 8-8605 气音murmur/ breathy voice606 (音)强的fortis607 单元音化monophthongization608 高调/阴调upper register/tone609 低调/阳调lower register/tone610 词汇化lexification611 混合语言/克里奥尔语言Creole language612 8-10613 官话化mandarinize/mandarinization 614 9-1615 原住民语言aboriginal language616 轻唇化/唇齿化labiodentalization617 塞擦（化）affrication618 区别特征distinctive feature619 后世形式reflex620 异质的heterogeneous621 9-2622 广州话方言字Cantonese characters623 音节结构syllable structure624 元音对立vocalic contrast625 单元音化monophthongization626 长元音long vowel627 短元音short vowel628 9-3629 低调/阳调lower tone630 高调/阴调upper tone631 平行演变parallel development632 9-4633 古词语archaism634 条件分化conditioned split635 鼻音清化denasalization636 半元音semivowel637 自由变异free variation638 条件变体conditioned variant639 舌尖元音apical vowel640 9-5641 阴阳之分/高低调区别register distinction642 10-1643 同义homonymy644 10-2645 高低双语diglossia646 双方言bidialectalism647 双语bilinguialism648 音系省减phonological reduction 649 后置词postposition650 10-4651 片假名katakana652 10-5653 （音标等）区分符号diacritics654 汉字简化character simplification 655 信息检索information retrieval。