专题八 定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who,whom,which,that,whose 等,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词主要有when,where,why 等,在定语从句中作状语。
本部分知识考查的重点和难点主要集中在关系代词和关系副词的区分、whose 的运用以及“介词+关系代词”中介词和关系代词的选择上。
在语法填空试题中其考查点主要表现为无提示型的填空形式。
考点一关系代词引导的定语从句1 [2018·全国卷Ⅰ·语法填空] (节选)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease …[试题分析] that 或which 考查定语从句的关系词。
此处a study 是先行词,其在定语从句中作主语,故填that 或which 。
【考点归纳】 关系代词的使用规则考点二关系副词引导的定语从句2 [2017·浙江卷6月考·语法填空] (节选)…was spread over the garden , it remained until the carrot s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.[试题分析] where考查定语从句。
此处先行词是the garden,在从句中充当地点状语,故填where。
【考点归纳】关系副词的使用规则【技巧点拨】如何判断关系词①选用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。
及物动词后面无宾语,就必须用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
②准确判断先行词在从句中的成分(主、宾、定、表、状)才能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
如果先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语,选择关系代词(which,that,who,whom,whose);如果先行词在从句中作状语,选择关系副词(when,where,why)。
熟练掌握每个关系词的用法是解题的关键。
考点三“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句3 Many young people,most of were well-educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.[试题分析] whom句意:许多年轻人——他们之中的大部分人都受过良好的教育——前往边远地区追逐他们的梦想。
该句为非限制性定语从句,先行词young people指人,故填whom作介词的宾语。
4 The newly built café,the walls of are painted light green,is really a peaceful place for us,specially after hard work.[试题分析] which句意:新建的咖啡馆的墙被涂成了浅绿色,它对我们来说真是一个安静的去处,特别是在辛勤工作之后。
该句为非限制性定语从句,先行词the newly built café指物,故填which作介词的宾语。
【考点归纳】“介词+关系代词”的使用规则【技巧点拨】如何选择“介词+关系代词”中的介词“介词+关系代词”考查的重点在于用不用介词和用什么介词。
介词的确定有以下三种方式:①依据定语从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved.我买了很多书,这些书花了我积攒的所有钱。
(spend…on…)②依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。
Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered. 对心灵的关爱是一个渐进的过程,在这个过程中即使是细微的生活细节都应该被考虑在内。
(in a process)③依据所表达的意思来确定。
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.这种无色气体被称作氧气,离了它我们不能活。
考点四as和which引导定语从句的区别5 My friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him.[试题分析]which句意:我朋友带我参观了这个小镇,他这么做真是太体贴了。
在非限制性定语从句中,指代前面整句话的内容,用which引导定语从句。
6 we have stressed many times,“serve the people” is our first policy. [试题分析] As句意:正如我们多次强调的那样,“为人民服务”是我们的首要方针。
在非限制性定语从句中,当定语从句以整个主句作为先行词,又放在主句前时,用as引导定语从句,表示“正如……,正像……”。
【考点归纳】 as和which的使用规则①as引导非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中, as常译为“正如……,正像……”。
从句的谓语动词多为see,know,expect,say,mention,report等。
The air quality in the city,as is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.正如报告所显示的,在过去的两个月里,这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
②which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时,只能置于主句后,常译为“这一点,这件事”等,这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系。
Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012,which made one of the Chinese people s long-held dreams come true.莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖,这使中国人长久以来的梦想之一变成现实。
■误区警示误区之一:关系代词与关系副词的误用7 The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.[试题分析] which/that句意:安杰拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那年是2008年。
本题先行词为year,定语从句中的谓语动词 spent为及物动词,从句中缺少宾语,故填which/that。
本题易受“先行词为时间时用关系副词”的影响而误填when。
谨记:判断用关系副词还是关系代词取决于该词在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。
误区之二:分隔式定语从句的误用8 Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, ,for some reason, had withdrawn fromall human society.[试题分析] who本题是一个典型的分隔式定语从句,先行词Ellen指人,定语从句缺少主语,故填who。
本题易受句子结构的影响而误填which。
[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]She looks like any other schoolgirl,fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 1.(rest). Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as 2. model in New York.Sarah 3.(tell) that she could be Britain s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. Her father Peter,44,wants her to give up school to model full-time. But Sarah,4. has taken part in shows along with top models,wants 5.(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 6. (educate).She has turned down several 7.(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 8. engineering or architecture.Sarah says,“My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 9. (come) first. I don t want to get too absorbed in modelling. It is 10.(certain)fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don t want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can t model any more.”Ⅰ.单句语法填空1. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill which school education depends.2. Opposite is St Paul s Church, you can hear some lovely music.3. China Today attracts a worldwide readership, shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.4. The number of smokers, is reported,has dropped by 17 per cent in just one year.5. The books on the desk, covers are shiny,are prizes for us.6. As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.7. Behind him were people to he was trying to talk.8. He wrote many children s books,nearly half of were published in the 1990s.9. I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.10. Exercise is something can help to make you look good,feel good and be healthy.11. Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position.12. Nowadays many volunteers are working in areas have dry climates.13.We ll reach the sales target in a month we set at the beginning of the year.14. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected.15. Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognizing their own strength.Ⅱ.语篇语法填空Fish is essential for a healthy diet. For Chinese people, fish is not only delicious and of high nutritious value, but also 16. cultural symbol. During the Spring Festival, eating fish 17.(think) to lead to a prosperous New Year. Besides eating fish,people put up pictures of fish on the walls of 18.(they)houses and paper-cutting featuring fish on their windows. 19.(fisherman)make fish lamps and do special fish。