LOGO
Review
• As to the niceties of gift-giving, it involves the expectation of r________ although the west world tends to p_________ it over with rhetoric about selflessness. • Meanwhile, in contrast to the p_______ mentality of his mother, the author thinks that d__________ is most of the niceties instead of the e________ trip to find a real thoughtful gift.
LOGO
Idiom Study
• • • • • Half the battle: A big gun: Spike one’s guns: Burn one’s boats: A shot in the dark: • • • • • 成功的一半 有影响力的重要人物 挫败;破坏 破釜沉舟, 自断退路 凭空猜想
LOGO
Writing 2 --- Unity • Use a topic sentence that states your main idea clearly and directly, which acts like a magnet around which related sentences cluster. • A writer can also lead up to a topic sentence, giving readers details that build their interest and then summarizing the content in one sentence.
LOGO
Review
• According to Brandt, There is no genuine a_________ in the world. Even “helping professions” get p_________ by the government and institutionalized giving is an exchange of money for p________ or p___________. • However, we human live in a ________ between altruism and egoism. When Whitman said that “when I give, I give myself,” he meant that by keeping nothing to yourself, everything comes to you. In so doing, altruism and egoism become o________.
Idiom Study
LOGO
• __________________ I intend to take a year’s holiday traveling round the world. • The leader of the opposition and the prime minister are ____________________ over the unemployment issue. • Should this complicity be proven Congress will have to ____________ and move toward impeachment. There is no halfway house. • It was just _____________, but I got the right answer to the teacher's question. • The first blow is ________________.
LOGO
Writing 2 --- Unity • The commitment and response pattern describes making a promise to your readers and raising their expectations, and then fulfilling them. • The strategy is often to begin a paragraph with a question and the writer commits himself to answer the question he opens with.
Idiom Study
LOGO
• They’ll do anything to _________ of the opposition, even at the risk of underpricing themselves out of business. • He became __________ in scientific circles. • The possibility of lose her job hang over her like ____________ all last year. • Yes, I just had to ___________ behind me if I wanted to be NO. 1. • She has ____________ the neighbors after the argument about the new fence.
LOGO
Writing 2 --- Unity
• Downshifting means developing a paragraph by writing sentences that move from a general statement to increasingly specific statements by giving more details and concrete examples, like subdividing a topic into smaller and smaller details. • Downshifting is a good cure for a sprawling paragraph caused by the several sentences on the same level of generality, which repeats the same generality.
LOGO
Review
Review
LOGO
• Humans have a genuine desire to give freely to each other, but in reality most people are unable to do this without expecting something in r______. Giftgiving would be much easier without u________ disappointment if one were to accept such a fact rather than d______ ourselves and imagine we don’t want anything back when we all do.
LOGO
Writing 2 --- Unity
• The other misleading way
– They write several sentences that are all on a high level generality. Instead of making one general statement and then developing it with specific details or examples, they string together a series of generalizations. Even if all of them discuss the same main idea, they don’t really develop that idea. – Readers may feel frustrated and bored because they learn little from it. The paragraph lacks unity or direction. Any one of its sentences might provide the topic statement for a totally different paragraph, but the paragraph as a whole probably isn’t worth salvaging ---- better to take one idea from it and start over.
LOGO
Writing 2 --- Unity • Definition • A united paragraph is defined as a distinct unit of writing dealaragraph refers to a paragraph which lacks unity, filled with ideas by shapeless.
LOGO
Writing 2 --- Unity
• One misleading way
– When a writer starts a paragraph by writing down thoughts as they occur rather than jotting down ideas in notes or an outline and then developing one idea at a time, paragraph sprawl occurs. – The readers has trouble following the point of the paragraph because its sentences go off in several different directions instead of focusing on and developing one point.