小宝老师的笔记~自己总结...独立性写作八大论证功能段落1. 对立观点引出功能段When it refers to......people‟s opinions are divergent on such a controversial issueThe overwhelming majority would support that.....others however take the negative attitude.2个人观点表达功能段A.From the personal perspective I prefer A rather than B as my inclination.B.To choose A or choose B is sth of a delimma to the public.Because they always confused by the seemingly positive qualities of A but neglect the genuinely profound aspects of B.3.原因概述功能段Among countless factors which directly or indirectly influence...there are several conspicuous aspects as follows.4.分析列举功能A.At the risk of something too simplistic,it seems to me that the main proposition for ...can be summarized in one saying that...B.Another eually essential/crucial factor accounting for my propensity to...is that...C.Beyond all these obvious reasons,however lies a deeper one....5.利弊分析功能段However,....serve as a double-adged sword. In other words ,the inferiorities of....conexist its superiority.6.例证功能段History, is replete with evidence to demostrate this point. A notable case in piont has an association with....in the realm of....7.趋势影响分析功能段Undoubtedly....will give rise to a multitude of positive/negative effects on...in the foreseeable future.8.结论段A .Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend,we may predict that...B.From what I have discussed above,we may safely come to the conclusion that...大众观点引出1.It is conceivable that...2.It goes without saying that...3.It …s self evident that...关联、关系1...has an association with...2...has a hearing on...3...is closely related to...主题句+拓展句123+结尾句（升华、过渡）因果解释1现象引出2原因分析3结果分析Currently ..现象..has loomed up wide public concern what amazes us most is that..具体..It is true that the trend of this is seemly on the rise in all walks of life.We may cite a variety of reasons accountingfor this.The major ones can be listed as follows.First and foremost....plays a pushing role.In st but not least...As a consequence...段落举例：Juvenile delinquencyNowadays. Juvenile delinquency has become a focal point under discussion.What amazes us most is that the forms of JD vary from stealing robbing to murdering.It is true that the trend of this is on the rise. We may cite a variety of reasons accounting for this adolescent crimes. First and foremost, the mass media plays a key role .In other words,children are frequently exposed to shows and reports about crime and violence. In addition,children in China are often pampered and spoilt by their st but not least,today‟s children have to face a more tempting world than ever before.As a consequence they are prone to commit crimes论述体系(问题解决)：1.描述现状2.建议措施With the advancement of modern society....has become a social problem of public concern.Meanwhile,it has given rise to a serious of other matters.Such as A and B.So it is high time we put an immediate end to this “Pandora‟s box”.It is true that awareness of the problem is the first step toward the solution.As is known to all,we have figured out several efficacious steps to tackle this problem.In the first place....In the second place....In the third place....Therefore ,only in this way can we...段落举例: Income gapRecently the income gap has become a social problem of public concern.Meanwhile,it has given rise to series of other matters.Such as delinquency and violence.So it is high time we put an immediate end to this “Pandora‟s box”.It is true that awareness of the problem is the first step toward the solution.In the first place we should appeal to the government to improve the distribution mechanism.Making it not only transparent but also reasonable during economic development.More emphases should be plased on the underprivileged group of the society especially in these backward areas.Therefore only in this way can we build a more harmonious socirty.观点论证行论述体系(个人类话题通用)1.含义提示2.含义解析As a human being one can hardly do without....Living in the society,no one can deny that it is...that enables us to....Consequently,in this modern society where.... ....has been ragarded as a necessity for....As to what....means,my opinions/definitions are as follows.First of all.....What really counts in my mind is stly,.....段落举例: PerseveranceAs a human being one can hardly do without perseverance.Living in the society no one can deny that it is perseverance that enables us to accomplish wonders and realize dreams.Consequently in this modern society where competition is becoming increasingly fierce.Perseverance has been regarded as a necessity for a successful career.As to what perseverance means my opinion are as follows.First of all,perseverance means the determination to hold on to the end.Even in the face of difficult and dangerous situations,what really counts,in my mind is that man with perseverance firmly believes what he has chosen is right and meaningful so he is more than happy to fight for his ideal and will never ever give stly no man was born with perseverance.Only after life‟s countless challenges can he understand the genuine meaning of perseverance.独立写作论证方法(一) 举例1.Paragons,such A and B,respectively come immediately to my mind...2.While such cases are rare,they do occur occasionally. A case in point ralates to Sb in the field of...(二) 引用1. As a saying goes”.....”which is to say....2. According to a well-known scientist ....and I paraphrase ...in other words....3. ..名言..such is remark of ..Sb..,one of the best-known scientist(三) 数据调查According to the statistical result of a recent survey A and B have soared respectively by...and...In contrast C declined at an accelerating rate,and it is also the case with D.The statistical result illustrates that....(四) 反证法with A...without A...(五) 类比和对比Similarity,by the same token....(同理可证)In like manner(同样的) likewiseIn contrastOn the contraryBEGINING一.A or BWhen it refers to...people‟s opinions are divergent on such a controversial issue (AorB) It is commonly accept that...others however,like the negative attitude.In my opinion of view.I prefer A rather than B as my inclination.二.表态类.....?The discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come to vogue during the last decade.The statement declares that.....However,I disagree with the statement, and there are several reasons and instances as follows supporting my view.三.列举式开头Nowadays...has loomed up wide public concern.What amazes us most is that....Among countless factors,which directly or indirectly influence...There are several conspicious aspects as follows. ENDING重申立场概述理由Weighing the pros and cons of..topic..I strongly commit to the notion that....no only because...but also...题库183.When it refers to the value of history,the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. The statement declares that learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present.However I disagree with the statement for the reason that mankind‟s progress is that of constantly building upon and adding to the past and existing base of knowledge and experience.The main reason is that history helps us understand ourselves.especially our weakness.In the business world,there is one saying that:”You have to know where you have been and where you are in order to know where you are going.” What‟s more,I agree with the statements that business corporations find it critical to have regular views of the past business performance.Without reservations for the reason that each corporation has to see what mistakes were made in order to avoid repeating them. Moving on to wider themes to the high-tech industries,one company has to examine the efficacy and efficiency ofdecisions made in the past to see what results were produced.Natually they learn from their past mistakes which better prepares them for the future.Let‟s begin our discussion here to a more present and practical context.It can be given a concrete example that Microsoft has regular reviews of its past sales and marketing information in the form of quarterly or annual review.Another equally essential factor why I advocate the value of history involves the realm of politics and society.No one can deny that in the international arena,one must possess a thorough knowledge of history in order to understand the current dynamics and complex relationships among countries.Meanwhile only through studing history can we grasp how things change .Obviously it is imperative for politicians to learn from the past,because the country‟s history has the greatest impact upon its current national charactor and its people and leadership.History is replete with evidence to demostrate this.A case in point has an association with the World War II –the world community learned the great lesson from World War II that there must not be another world war,thus we entered the 40 plus years of cold war.However, we should concede that despite the merits of referring to past mentioned above,overextended referring to the history will be indeed counterproductive even harmful.The harm it produces is, in my view ,both palpable and profound.For the individual,it has debasing impact on people‟s originality for the society it may promote a negative tendency toward ossification.Weighing the pros and cons of learning about the past,I strongly commit to the notion that learning about the past is critical to understand the present and charting a successful course for the future whether it be in the world of business or the world of international relations.综合性写作：READING:topic of reading main points:2~4听力核心路标词新老观点：Earlier,Traditionally,Originally,Previously,Conventionally,Before.Yet,But,However,In contrast,ContrarilyRecently,Recent study,New finding,Alternative,Now,Re-examine次序层次，紧邻原则：Firstly ,first of all ,most of all, on the one handSecondly ,moreover, furthermore,what‟s more ,on the other hand , for another,and thenThirdly ,eventually ,lastly因果关系（引出新的要点，拓展上一要点）Since ,because ,for ,for the reason that,causeTherefore ,as a result , thus , consequence , natually重要的小信号词：factor ,point ,aspect阅读转述作者：the writer,the author,the passage听力转述作者：the speaker , the lecture,the professor,the instructor,the teacher阅读动词表达：discuss,introduce,argue,conclude,suggest,recommand,propose,appeal听力动词表达:point out ,say ,tell ,put ,disagree ,disapprove ,refute ,rebut ,reject ,object to ,oppose , counter ,doubt ,question ,challenge ,cite , mention ,quote ,refer to ,suggest ,imply ,put forward ,explain ,exemplify ,illustrate ,show抽象名词：话题，命题：issue matter topic problem subject observation concern defination description原因，根据：reason basis ground cause motive motivation explaination account evidence data fact proof猜想，假设：assumption premise presumption supposition postulation guess hypothesis conjecture 观点，结论：conclusion statement point idea opinion judgement view motion theory建议，提议：advice appeal proposal plan scheme recommendation听力信息常用的抽象名词：(further/closer) studies/reseaching new finding/discoveryalternative explanation/theory counter example/evidence objection refutation comment assertion allegation remark claimOppose题型的逻辑架构：listening:reading=2:1In the lecture,the professor/instructor made several points about....On the other hand, the reading contends that....The p rofessor‟s lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a nember of pionts that are contrary to...The first point that the teacher uses to refute the reading is that...According to him...However, this is different from the reading,which states that....Moreover,countrary to the belief in the passage that....the instructor asserts that...(listening)...To be specific...Finally, the lecture points out that...This is not what reading says.The reading lists....The lecture‟s last point,casts doubt on the reading on the basis of....。