Unit 2 Psychology in Our Daily LifeAfter-Class ReadingPASSAGE I The Psychology of MoneyNew Wordsaccount *n. 账户，户头e.g. I opened an account at my bank in your name.charge accounts赊欠户，赊欠帐actually *adv. in fact, really 实际上e.g. I didn't actually see her--I just heard her voice.addicted *adj. unable to stop doing or using something, especially something harmful 上瘾的，沉湎于......的e.g. She's become addicted to love stories.addictionn. 瘾，沉溺advertise *v. 为......做广告，宣传advertiser *n. 广告商alcohol *n. drinks that can make people drunk, such as beer, wine, and whisky 酒amount *n. a collection or mass (especially of something which cannot be counted) 数量，数额e.g. I still do a certain amount of work for them.assignment *n. task, homework 任务，作业e.g. The student's assignment was to write a book report.behavior *n. way of acting or functioning 行为e.g. Her behavior was in every way perfect.belief *n. the feeling of certainty that something exists or is true 信念，信赖e.g. He found it difficult to explain his beliefs.budget *n. 预算，收支预算e.g. My budget for this week included new shoes.cash *n. 现金claim *v. say, state or declare something as a fact (without being able to prove it) 声称e.g. The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.compulsionn. urge that one cannot resist 欲望，冲动compulsiveadj. 上瘾的，嗜......成癖的compulsive spenders购物成癖的人compulsive bargain hunters购便宜货成癖的人credit*n. 赊欠，赊帐discipline *n. 克制，遵守纪律self-disciplinen. 自我约束，律已discount *n. a reduction in the cost of goods that you are buying 折扣enormous *adj. extremely large 巨大的e.g. These thoughts gave him enormous pleasure.hunt *v. search, try to find 搜寻，寻找huntern. 搜寻者huntingn. 搜寻influence *n. power to affect somebody's actions, character or beliefs 势力，影响e.g. Mr Jones is a man of influence in the town.instance *n. an example of something that happens generally 例子，事例e.g. There was something strange about each of the men; for instance, James could not speak.irrational *adj. not using reason or clear thinking 失去理性的e.g. Both your fears and your behavior are irrational.personality *n. characteristics and qualities of a person seen as a whole 个性e.g. She has a kind, friendly personality.psychologyn. the study of the mind and how it works 心理学psychological *adj. 心理学的，心理的psychologistn. 心理学家reflect *v. show, express, or be a sign of 反映e.g. The book reflected the author's own thoughts on the matter.salesclerk *n. shop assistant 售货员solve *v. find an answer to or a way of dealing with (a problem etc.) 解决e.g. Perhaps time would solve the problem.stem *v. originate, develop or grow (from) 起源于，由......造成e.g. All his problems stem from drink.symbol *n. a sign, shape or object which is used to represent something else 象征e.g. The heart shape is a symbol of love.therapistn. 治疗专家The Psychology of MoneyAre you a compulsive spender, or do you hold on to your money as long as possible? Are you a bargain hunter? Would you rather use charge accounts than pay cash? Your answers to these questions will reflect your personality. According to psychologists, our individual[1] money habits not only show our beliefs and values, but can also stem from past problems.Experts in psychology believe that for many people, money is an important symbol of strength and influence. Husbands who complain about their wives' spending habits may be afraid that they are losing power in their marriage. Wives, on the other hand, may waste huge amounts of money because they are angry at their husbands. In addition, many people consider money a symbol of love. They spend it on their family and friends to express love, or they buy themselves expensive presents because they need love.People can be addicted to different things—for example, alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive; that is, they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders; they feel that they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational—impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices, and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things that they don't need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game: when they can buy something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason.It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business: they consider people's needs for love, power, or influence, their basic values, their beliefs andopinions, and so on in their advertising and sales methods.Psychologists often use a method called "behavior therapy"[2] to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money: they give them "assignments". If a person buys something in every store that he enters, for instance, a therapist might teach him self-discipline in this way: on the first day of his therapy, he must go into a store, stay five minutes, and then leave. On the second day, he should stay for ten minutes and try something on. On the third day, he stays for fifteen minutes, asks the salesclerk a question, but does not buy anything. Soon he will learn that nothing bad will happen to him if he doesn't buy anything, and he can solve the problem of his compulsive buying. (542 words)Phrases and Expressionsbe addicted to somethingbe strongly interested in something as a habit or hobbye.g. The children are addicted to computer games.for instancefor examplee.g. There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving; for instance, training lions.hold on to somethingkeep something by not losing it or having it taken away from you 抓住......不放e.g. I think I'll hold on to the records, but you can have the tapes.in additionas an extra person, thing or circumstance 此外e.g. Hong Kong has some of the largest buses in the world. In addition, the city has underground trains and a rapid surface railway.on credit 以赊账的方式e.g. They decided to buy the car on credit.stem fromdevelop as a result of something else; arise frome.g. Her interest in flowers stems from her childhood in the country.PASSAGE II How to Jump Queue FuryProper NamesHouston(美国城市)休斯敦Massachusetts Institute of Technology(美国)麻省理工学院Richard Larson(男子名)理查德.拉森US National Science Foundation美国国家科学基金会New Wordsanalyse *v. study or examine something in detail in order to discover more about it 分析e.g. This book teaches you how to analyse what is causing the stress in your life.annoy *v. make somebody slightly angry and unhappy about something 使烦恼annoyancen. 恼怒aspect *n. a particular feature of, or way of thinking about, a complicated problem, situation, idea, plan, or activity 方面e.g. Have you thought about the problem from every aspect?authority *n. the group of people with official responsibilities for a particular area 官方，当局e.g. I'm going to report all these holes in the road to the authorities.automate *v. 使自动化automatedadj. 自动化的cite *v. mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened 引用e.g. She cited three reasons why people get into debt.computerisedadj. equipped with computers to do the work for somebody 电脑化的directly *adv. 直接地e.g. The plane is due to fly directly back to London.dynamic*adj. energetic and forceful 有活力的e.g. Asia continues to be the most dynamic economic region in the world. 亚洲仍然是世界上经济发展最具活力的地区。