Unｉt 1 The Evｏluｔion of Maｎaｇemｅｎｔas a Fiｅｌdｏf Stｕdｙｅvolutｉon n．the pｒoceｓs of devｅlｏpｉng发展geneｒalize v.tｏinｆer ｆｒoｍｍａｎy particｕlars概括autｏｂｉographｙn．the bｉoｇraphy of a pｅrｓon writｔen by thａt peｒson 自传meｍoir n．aｎａccｏunｔoｆthe perｓoｎexperienｃｅｓof aｎauthor 回忆录，自传ｅxｔremely ad. Beiｎgｉn ｏr attainｉｎｇtｈe grｅatest oｒhiｇｈest degree 极度地ａntｈｒoｐolｏｇist n。
someone wｈｏsｔｕdｉes anthrｏpoｌoｇy人类学家peｒｓpｅcｔiveｎ。
ｔhe waｙin whiｃｈa sitｕatｉoｎor problem ｉn ｊudgｅd sｏtｈａt prｏpeｒｃｏｎsideｒatｉon iｓgiveｎｔo each part 合理观察，视角turｎovｅr n. thｅnumｂer ｏf woｒkers ｈiｒｅd by ａｎestabｌishｍent to ｒeplace tｈose wｈo hａve left in a giveｎperｉoｄof tｉｍe 人员更替数approachｎ。
the mｅｔhod ｕsed iｎｄeaｌing witｈoｒaccｏmplishｉｎg方法contiｎgｅnｃy n． a pｏssiｂility thａｔmust be prepaｒed foｒ可能事件，可能出现的情况dｙnaｍic a．charactｅｒizｅd by ｃonｔiｎuｏｕs change不断变化的confrontａtiｏｎn. dｉsｃoｒd or a ｃｌasｈof ｏpiｎiｏns aｎd iｄeaｓ观点或思想的不断冲撞incur v。
to acｑuｉｒe ｏr coｍe inｔo获得coｍｐroｍise v. someｔhinｇｔｈat coｍbiｎeｓquａｌitｉes or elements of ｄｉｆfｅｒeｎt thｉngs折中inteｒdｅpｅndent a．mutuaｌｌy ｄependent 互相依存的ｃhaｒactｅriｓｔic n.ａｆeaｔure tｈat ｈelpｓtｏｉdenｔify 特性ｐｏpulａrｉtｙn。
ｔhe ｑｕality ｏr state of beｉng ｐopular 普及sｏle a。
of or rｅｌating to oｎly one ｉndividuaｌoｒgroup单独的ｒｅlianｃe n．the acｔof relyiｎg or thｅstaｔe oｆｂeｉng ｒeliant依赖,依靠suffｉcｉｅnt a. beiｎg aｓmｕchａs ｉs neeｄed 充足的ａｌlｉance ｎ。
the act ofｂecoming allied or the ｃondｉtion of beｉnｇalｌｉｅd 结盟ｄｅmoｇｒａｐhicｎ. oｆｏr rｅlating ｔo demograｐhy 人口统计cｏmplement v．tｏseｒｖe as a cｏmpｌeｍent tｏ补足Uniｔ２The Scopｅｏf Managｅmeｎtﻫenｔａil v。
ｔo havｅ, iｍpｏse, or reｑuiｒe aｓａnecessary accompanimｅnt or coｎｓeqｕence伴随ｃｏnfｏrm v.ｔo act oｒbe in accoｒd oｒagreemeｎｔ使和谐一致eｎviｓion v。
tｏpicturｅｉn the mｉnd 想象affｏrdable a。
ｔｈaｔcａn be ａffｏｒｄeｄ买得起的strive v。
ｔo exert ｍuch eｆfort or energy 努力mｉssｉoｎn.ｓpeciａｌaｓsigｎment given tｏａｐｅrsoｎｏr grｏｕp 任务iｎｆorｍerciａｌn． a ｃomｍeｒciaｌteｌevｉsiｏｎprogram ｏr rｅlatively long cｏｍｍercial segｍeｎt ｏfｆeｒing consumｅrｉnformａtion商业信息片franchiｓe n.ａuthoriｚatｉｏn gｒanｔｅｄto someone to ｓｅｌlｏrｄistriｂute a cｏmpany's ｇoods or serviｃｅs ｉｎａcｅｒtain aｒea 特许经营权tactｉcal ａ.of，reｌaｔing to，ｏｒusinｇtａctｉcs 战术的departｍenｔal a．部门的pｅｅｒｎ.a person ｗhｏhaｓequaｌsｔａnｄing with ａｎothｅr or oｔhｅｒｓ同等的人，与他人在爵位、阶级或年龄上相当的人inｔerpersonａl a。
relating tｏ, occurｒｉng aｍonｇ，orｉnｖolvｉng ｓeveral p ｅｏple 人与人之间的ｆoｓｔｅr v.to prｏmｏｔe tｈe growth and developmenｔof促进peｒvasive a．ｈaｖing ｔheｑualiｔy oｒtenｄency ｔo ｐervade or peｒmeate 渗透性的sｔaｋeholder n．one who ｈaｓa sｈａre or an interest 股东flouｒｉｓh v．tｏbe in a peｒioｄof highestｐrｏdｕｃtiｖitｙ活跃aｕｔomotiｖｅａ。
movｉng ｂy itself 自动的nonroｕtineｎ．非常规程序analoguｅn。
something that bｅars an analogy ｔｏsometｈing ｅｌse 类似情况Unｉt 3 What are Ｏrgｎizatioｎｓ？ｂeａst n．something a thiｎg事物orgaｎiｚatiｏn n． a group of pｅopｌe ｗｉth ｓpecｉaｌpurpose, ｓｕｃｈａsa clｕｂor business 团体,组织,机构,社团inｖeｎｔion n.sｏmｅｔhingｉnventｅd发明物coｎｔrｉvaｎce n．dｅvice or ｔool，esp。
one mａde bｙａn indivｉdual fｏr a p ａrｔicｕｌar puiｐoｓe 发明物;器械patｒｏnaｇe n．all thｅｐaｔroｎs oｆ a sｈop，hｏtel, eｔc，aｓaｇｒo ｕｐ为了赞助而产生的ｉmpact n。
the ｆorce ｏf aｎidea，inveｎtioｎ，sｙｓtem，etc。
影响力pｅｒｓpective n。
theｗaｙin which a matterｉs jｕｄged，so that ｃonsｉderａtioｎａnd iｍpｏｒtance is ｆｉｖe tｏeach ｐaｒt 判断事物的方法asｓocｉaｔiｏn n.the acｔｏf joｉnｉnｇｏr the sｔａｔｅof being ｊoｉned with someboｄy orｓｏｍeｔhing 联合;结合；结交very a. （used for givinｇfｏrｃe to an eｘpｒession)（用于强调）正是；完全；实在whiｍn。
a sudden ｉdｅaｏr wish, ofｔeｎnoｔreasoｎable 突起的（怪)念头;一时的兴致fancyｎ. an imagｅ，opiｎioｎ, or idea imaｇined anｄnｏt ｂａsｅd on fact无事实根据的幻觉，意见或看法acｈieve v。
ｔo finｉsh successfullｙ完成；实现souｌｎ. a pｅrson 人;灵魂guidelineｓｎ．tｈe maiｎpoｉnts abouｔsoｍeｔｈｉng which iｓto bｅｄeａl ｔwith 指导方针；行动纲领ｂｒidge v．tｏｂｕｉlｄ a ｂｒige aｃroｓs 架桥gap n。
an aｍount oｆdisｔance pr difｆｅｒence 差异；差距；歧异bｙvirtｕe of in virtuｅof 依靠；由于ｓuｒvivａｌn．sｏmething which has coｎtinued to exist ｆｒom aｎearliｅr time 生存ｂehaviorｎ。
ｗay oｆbehaving 行为；举动sｕbset n.ａseｔconｔaiｎeｄwitｈｉn aｓｅt 子集maｉｎｔenａnｃe n。
tｈｅａct oｆmａinｔaining 维持;维护;保养；赡养turnoｖｅr n.the nuｍbｅr of ｗorkers that ａreｈired by ａfｉrｍto fill the pla ｃesｏf ｗｏrkers wｈo have left in a pａrtiｃular pｅriod 人员更新efficienｃｙn.ｔhｅstaｔｅorｑｕalitｙoｆｂeｉng ｅffｉｃiｅnt 功效;效率;效能intelleｃtual a。
coｎcerning tｈe intelｌｅｃt智力的limitaｔiｏｎn.theｆact ｏrｃonditionsｏｆlimiting or ｂｅing ｌｉｍiteｄ限制事实或状态ｃｈart n．inｆormａtiｏｎwｒｉtｔen or draw in the forｍｏf a piｃtｕre grａpｈ, etc. , usu。
Ｗｉｔh the ｉnｔention oｆmaking iｔundｅrstoｏｄ图表predict ｖ。
tｏsｅe or dｅｓcriｂe in ａｄvanｃｅaｓa resuｌt of ｋnoｗlｅdge，exｐerｉenｃe，reason，eｔc.预言;预测Ｕnit 4Deｖeｌoｐiｎg Qpality ａｎd CoｍｐetitｉvｅAdvantagｅｉnnｏvatｉve a．maｒｋed by or giｖｅｎto iｎnovationｓ革新的,创新的optimizｅv.to mａｋe as ｐerfeｃt ｏr effecｔivｅaｓpｏｓsｉｂｌｅ使最优化，使尽可能底完善或有效ｍedｉｅvａｌa。