初三英语语法知识专题复习一、名词一、总的来说,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类. 专有名词:用来表示某个(些)人、地方、机构等专有名称的词。
如Marx、Beijing、USA等,其中的实词第一个字母要大写。
如the Great Wall等。
二、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。
1、可数名词(个体名词和集体名词):(1)单数(前加a或an表“一”); (2)复数(词尾加“-s”或“-es”)。
其规则如下:A.规则变化:(1、以s、x、sh、ch结尾的,加-es / iz /; 如boxes, glasses, watches, brushes等;(2、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,加-es; 如families, babies, countries等;(3以f、fe结尾的,变f、fe为v,加-es; 如knives, wives, halves等;(4、以“辅音字母+o”结尾的,加-es; 如potatoes, tomatoes等,但外来词和缩写词只能加-s,如pianos, kilo(kilogram)——kilos, photo(photograph)——photos.而zero——zeros/zeroes.(5、一般情况加-s,清辅音后发/s/,如desks, maps等,浊辅音和元音后发/z/.如apples, holidays, boys。
但houses/′hauziz/, mouths/mau z/.B.不规则变化(child---children man----men woman---women policeman----policemen foot—feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice)(复数名词: people police shoes public clothes)(1、单数、复数形式相同的:sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese等。
(2、表示民族、国家的名词,除Chinese, Japanese的复数不变,Englishman, Frenchman的复数变-man 为-men外,其余的均在词尾加-s.如Americans, Germans,Russians, Australians(附某国、某国人、某国语言的词形联系表).→→→→→→→(3、复合名词复数的构成方法①在中心词上加-s或-es, 如:pencil-boxes.②在第二个组成部分上加-s或-es, 如:boy-friends,tooth-brushes等.③含性别的复合词,两部分都变为复数,如:man-teacher——men-teachers, woman-driver——women-drivers.2、不可数名词(抽象名词和物质名词):不能以数目来计算的名词。
如water, meat, rice, air, food, time, work, bread等等。
它们只有单数形式,不能在前面加a(an)或数词来表示一个或几个。
只能用“of词组”来表达。
如“五块肉”five pieces of meat,“三袋小麦”three bags of wheat,“四则新闻”four pieces of news.3等等。
三、名词的所有格(含义“……的”)1、基本构成方法: (1)以s结尾的名词,其所有格只加“′”。
如the students’ teacher the twins’ bedroom. 但以s结尾的单数名词,也可在词尾加“′s”。
如Ross’s bag. (2)其他情况加“’s”。
如:Jane’s father,Women’s Day2、其他规则:(1)并列名词的所有格:①共同所有,只需在最后一个名词词尾加-’s,如:Kate and Joan’sroom.②分别所有,则在每个名词词尾加-’s,如Kate’s and Joan’s.(2)表示无生命的事物名词,一般用of表示所属关系。
如:the map of China, the legs of the table.(3)双重所有格:①用of结构与名词所有格-’s结合构成双重所有格:a friend of my father’s, one book of his brother’s.②用of结构加名词性物主代词构成双重所有格:a pen of mine, a neighbour of his.(4)表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词常用-’s形式:an hour’s walk, yesterday’ news, China’s population, twenty minutes’ walk.(5)可用-’s表示店铺、某人家:the Gree ns’, my uncle’s.典例() 1.This is ____ news. A.such a good B.a very good C. such good()2. _____ knowledge of space develops very quickly. A.People’s B.Man’s C.Men’s ()3. The number of people invited to the party _____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for different reasons. A. was/were B. was /was C. were/were()4. “Would you like ___?” “____, please.”A. a drink/ A coffeeB. drink/A cup of coffeeC. a cup drink/A cup coffee()5. Two thirds of the work ____ done. A. are B. is C. have ()6.The rich ____ not always happy. A. is B. have C. are()7. She is the only one of the ____ writers who _____ stories for children.A. woman/writesB. women/writesC. women/write()8. I met him at _____. A.Mr. Green’s B.the Greens C.Greens’()9.Playing football is _____. A.a great fun B.great funs C.great fun()10.The sheep on the hill _____ theirs. They are all white. A.is B.was C.are 提高训练一、用所给名词的正确形式填空:1.My shirt is much cheaper than ________.(John)2.The girl in red is ______________ (Tom and Kate)3.The _________ (Brown) are watching TV now.4.Our school is about ten __________ (minute) walk.5.March 8 is _______________ (woman day).6.Who won the _________ (boy) 400- _______ (meter) race?7.This is ___________ (today) newspaper. 8.There are twenty-five _________ (man) workers in my factory.9.I like ___________ (chicken) very much. T hey’re lovely. So I never eat _________ (chicken).10.Although he is a thirty- ___________ (year old) man, you can see few ________ (hair) on the head.二、冠词一、冠词的种类:不定冠词a(an), 定冠词the。
冠词不能单独使用,必须置于名词前。
二、不定冠词的用法:一般用于单数名词前,表泛指。
其中a用于读音以辅音开头的词前,an用于读音以元音开头的词前。
如1如:(1)I bought a new book. (2)He met an old woman on the way to school.2、表示人或物的某一类。
如:(1)I’m a boy. (2)Would you like an orange?3、表示数量“一”,但没有one强。
如:(1)She has a pencil.(侧重pencil, 而非其他物品) (2)She has one pencil.(侧重数量“一支”,而非“两支、三支”)4、表示“每一”,相当于every。
如:They go to see the old man once a week.5、用于带修饰的抽象名词之前,表示“一种”。
如:That’s a great surprise to her.6、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人、何物。
如:A boy is waiting for you.7、用于固定搭配词组中。
如:a lot of, a little, a piece of.三、定冠词的用法:定冠词在单复数可数名词和不可数名词前都可使用,表特指,有“this/that或these/those”之意。
1、特指某人或某物。
The man under the tree is his father.2、指上文提到过的人或物。
I bought a new book yesterday. The book is very useful.3、指说话双方都提到过的人或物。
A: Where is the dirty sock, Tom? B: It’s on the bed, mum.4、表示世界上独一无二的事物。
the sun, the moon, the earth.5、用于序数词或形容词最高级前。
(1)He is the tallest boy in our class. (2)The first lesson is about English name.6、用于姓氏复数前,表“……一家人”。
the Blacks, the Wangs.7、用于单数名词前,表一类人或物。