4. 以抽象代具体
• All the wit and learning of the world were assembled there. The wise and learned scholars 所有聪明博学的人都聚 集在那里。 • “聪颖”和“学问”都是抽象名词，在此指代“ 学者”。 • It was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit. • Patients poor people 他来探望的是病人和穷人 。 • “疾病”和“贫穷”都是抽象名词，在此分别用 来指代“病人”和“穷人”
借喻重点不是相似是联想 如:The room sat silent.全屋人安静地坐着。 Lend me your ears, please.请听我说。 The pen is mightier than the sword. 文章胜武力。 Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了 有钱人。
3.以具体代抽象
• He earned his bread as a teacher. 他以教 书为生。 • Living （“面包”指代抽象名词“生计” ） • The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.他的脸上带着凶残和贪婪的神色 • Fierceness greediness • 用“狼”指代其“凶残的”本性，用“猪 ”指代其“贪婪的”本性。
暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的 最大区别。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。 如：He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.
Metonymy
A figure of speech in which a thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated in meaning with that thing or concept.
Group two
1
Irony
2
反语
Innuendo
3
暗讽
Sarcasm
讽刺
Irony (反语)
The use of words that say the opposite of what you really mean , often as a joke and with a tone of voice that shows this.
Sarcasm & Irony & Innuendo
三者在进行讽刺嘲弄时，程度有所不 同,innuendo是用委婉曲折、含蓄暗示 的方法说反话，以减少话语的刺激性 ，避免引起讽刺对象的不快。 E.g.: after three days in Japan, the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.(把习惯鞠躬说成是脊梁骨灵 活，十分幽默有趣）
• Irony基于二者之间，而且irony并非全是讽 刺，有时为了造成活泼的调子和幽默诙谐 情趣。
• What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country!---they let the paupers go to sleep.（他们竟然让穷人去睡 觉这是一个高尚的例证说明他那行善的国 家的法律史多么的仁慈）
Innuendo(暗讽）
Definition: a mild form of irony. hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the person or subject mentioned.(英语修辞的一种， 是一种温和的反语，用一种比较隐晦 曲折的方式表达对所提及的某事某物 的不一致和不赞赏） E.g.: he must take his readings in a bathroom.
2. Effect
(1) 讽刺挖苦 “could you wait a few days for the money? I haven’t any small change about me.” “oh, you haven’t? well, of course I know that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.” (mark twain: one million pound bank-note) 我过几天再付钱行吗- 我身边没有零钱 啊!是吗? 哦!当然啦!我知道像您这样的绅士身上 是只带大票子的
英语修辞 English Rhetorical Devices
• 主讲人：陈秋霖
Group One
1
Simile 明喻
2
Metaphor 隐喻
3
Metonymy 转喻
4
Synecdoche 提喻
Simile
A word or phrase that compares sth. to sth else , using the words like or as . . (Words like as, as...as, seem, as if , as though, similar to and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.)
Group three
1
Antithesis 对照
2
Contrast 对比
3
Parallelism 平行
这段话的最后一句就是反语。实际的意思 是说,像你这样的穷光蛋根本就没有什么大 票子。
(2) 幽默俏皮 有时使用反语其旨并非讽刺挖苦而只是使表达活泼俏皮 例如 “generally speaking” said Miss Murdstone, “I don’t like boys. Hoe d’ ye do boy?” Under these encouraging circumstances, I replied that I was very well and that I hope she was the same, with such an indifferent grace that Miss Murdstone disposed of me in two words, “wants manner!” (Charles Dickens: David Copperfield)
2. The whole for the part
• Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚 队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 • Cotton suits you. （cotton=the closes made by cotton） • The kettle is boiling. (kettle壶 =the water in the kettle) • Two beers, please. (beers =two glasses of beer)
局部代整体；抽象代详细；原材料代成品 等……
Synecdoche(提喻)
Definition: It involves the substitution
of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 提喻是指用部分代表整体，或用整体代表部 分的修辞方法。
比喻中，“喻体”一定要出现，否则比喻不能成 立，“本体”和“喻词”不一定出现。 本体 喻词 喻体
subject indicator of resemblance reference
Simile
√
像 似 犹如 仿佛
√
Metaphor √ 判断词或“成为”类肯定动词 √ Metonymy 乙代甲
Synecdoche 不出现 不出现 √ √
1. the part for the whole
• The poor man has six mouths to feed in his family. (mouths=people) 这可怜的人要养六口人 。 • The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. （ hands =labors）在收获季 节里农场缺乏劳动力。 • He can’t ride a wheel. 他不会骑自行车。 （Bicycle： “轮子”只是自行车的一个部件 ，在此用来指代“自行车”。）
如：Jim looks like his brother Billy. My car runs as fast as the train.
Metaphor
A word or phrase used to describe sb. or sth. else , in a way that is different from its use , in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful.
• Sarcasm则直截了当，单刀直入，是辛 辣的讽刺，尖刻的挖苦，故意伤害讽 刺对象。 • E.g.: laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small files, but let wasps break through.（法律像蜘蛛网一样，能捉住 小苍蝇，却让胡风，黄蜂钻进去。把 法律比喻成蜘蛛网来讽刺当时法律的 不公正）