Effect of Flow Rate of Water on Weanling Pig Performance水流 速对生产性能的影响
Water Delivery Rate (mls/minute)水流速 175 350 450 700 2.97 1.04 323 235 1.39 2.93 1.32 341 250 1.37 2.32 1.63 347 247 1.42 Water Intake (L/day)饮水量 Feed Intake (g/day)采食量 Daily Gain (g/day)日增重 Feed Efficiency饲料效率 Topplis and Tibble, 1994 0.78 303 210 1.48
Daily Gain (g/day)日增重 Feed Efficiency料肉比 Total Water Usage总水量 (ml/pig/day) Effluent Production污水产生 (ml/pig/day)
Russell et al., 1996
545
397 1.37 1499 982
Good Quality高品质Satisfactory一般 100 - 1500 0 - 20 0 - 100 0 - 100 0 - 300 0 - 500 0 - 500 0 - 90 7 - 8.5 0 - 0.3 1500 - 3000 200 - 500 > 150
300 - 500 500 - 1000 500 - 1000 >100 6.5 - 9.5 0.3 - 1.0

Factors Affecting Water Requirements影响水需求的因素



Environmental Temperature环境温度 Relative Humidity相对湿度 Health of Pig猪健康状况 Amount of Feed Consumed采食量 Protein Content of Diet食物的蛋白含量 Salt Content of Diet食物中盐的含量 Water Content of Diet食物的水分含量 Water Salinity水中的盐含量

Water Use by Weanling Pigs 断奶仔猪水的饮水量
Affected by water nipple position 受水嘴位置的影响 Water use higher with higher flow rate水压越高饮水量越大 Consume more water with pelleted diets than with mash吃颗粒料比吃粉料 的饮水量大
Grow/Finish育肥猪
Gestating怀孕母猪
5-7
12-15
5-10
12-20
5-6
5-8
Lactating泌乳母猪
18-23
25-35
15-30
Recommended Water Flow Rates for Swine (L/min)水流量推荐
Gadd (1988) Suckling Pigs乳猪 30 kg Grow育成猪
654
454 1.44 2028 1189
Effect of Type of Drinker on Weanling Pig Performance 不同饮水方式对生产性能的影响
Control Nipple Experimental Turkey Drinkers Drinkers Starting Weight(kg)初始体重 6.2 6.2 23.7 427 738 1.73 Finishing Weight (kg)末尾体重 22.1 388 Daily gain (g)日增重 Daily Feed Intake (g)日采食量 686 Feed Efficiency料肉比

水流量不够
水流量不够
பைடு நூலகம்
水管漏水
饮水设施不健全
Symptoms of Water Deprivation 缺水的征兆
Reduced Feed Intake采食量下降 Increased Heart Rate心跳过快 Increased Body Temperature体温升高 Increased Respiration呼吸急促 Death死亡
Water “The Forgotten Nutrient”
水-被遗忘的营养
P.A. Thacker
Functions of Water水的功能
Temperature Regulation体温调节 Transportation运输 Chemical Reactions生化反应 Lubrication润滑剂 Protection保护
Parameter参数
TDS (ug/ml)总矿物 Hardness (ug/ml)硬度 Calcium (ug/ml)钙 Magnesium (ug/ml)镁 Sodium (ug/ml)钠 Alkalinity (ug/ml)碱度 Sulfates (ug/ml)硫酸盐 Nitrates (ug/ml)硝酸盐 pH Iron (ug/ml)铁
减少泄露
70 kg Finish育肥猪
Carr (1993) 0.30 0.7 1.0
1.5 1.5-2.0 2.5
Pederson (1994) 0.5 0.5-0.8 0.8
1.2 1.5-2.0 4.0
0.25 0.66
0.75
Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪 0.50
Gestating Sows怀孕母猪2.25 Lactating Sows泌乳母猪 2.25
70 Sow Lactation Weight Loss (kg)失重 Sow Feed Intake (kg/day)采食量 Piglet Weaning Weight (kg)仔猪断奶重
Hoppe et al., 1987
700 18.6 4.4 6.4
26.8 3.7 6.0
Factors Affecting Water Quality影响水质的因素

Calculation of Daily Water Intake of Weanling Pigs (L/day) 断奶仔猪饮水量的计算
Water Intake饮水量 = 1.49 + (3.053 daily feed intake in kg) 每天采食量
Brooks et al., 1984
Suckling Pigs乳猪
Relationship between water consumption in first week and preweaning mortality 第一周的饮水量与断奶前的死亡率相关 High water intake stimulates creep feed consumption 饮水增加刺激采食量的增加

Never Restrict Water Intake of Pigs 猪绝对不要限水
Estimated Water Requirements 水的需要量
Cleary Pederson (1994) (1983) Suckling Pigs乳猪 Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪 --3-5 1-2 1-5 Lumb (1998) 0.27 1.2

Sources of Water For Swine 猪体内水的来源
Drinking Water饮水 Water in Feed饲料中的水 Metabolic Water代谢产生的水

Routes of Water Excretion 水排泄的途径
Lungs肺 Skin皮肤 Kidney肾脏 Feces粪便
Techniques to Reduce Water Wastage减少水源浪费的技术





Improve Drinker Design (ie wings, angle) 改善水嘴设计 Install Drinker in Proper Location in Pen 水嘴安装于正确的位置 Avoid Excessive Flow Rates 水不要过量 Ensure Proper Diet Formulation (avoid excess salt and protein) 正确的饲料配方 Stop Water Leaks
Reasons for Reduced Water Consumption造成饮水下降的原因
Low Water Pressure水压低 Rusted or Blocked Pipes铁锈或杂物堵 塞管道 Frozen Water Lines结冰 Water Supply Turned Off水源关闭 Too Many Pigs in Pen猪的密度过大
Dissolved Minerals溶解矿物 Toxic Elements有毒物质 Pesticide Residues农药残留 Pathogenic Organisms病原微生物 Industrial Wastes工业废物 Fecal Material粪便污染

Water Quality Standards For Livestock水源要求
Water Consumption of Lactating Sows泌乳母猪的饮水
18 kg 18 kg 20 kg 25 kg Lightfoot, 1978 Lightfoot and Armsby, 1984 Bauer, 1982 Riley, 1978
Effect of Water Flow Rate on the Performance of Lactating Sows (ml/min) 不同水流对泌乳母猪性能的影响
Time Spent Drinking (min)饮水耗时 4.46