Unit 4 知识点总结1.Describe to your partner what might happen to the objects in the photos.(1)sth. happen to. sb.某事发生在某人身上e.g. Did you hear what happened to David last night?(2)happen to do sth.碰巧做某事e.g. I happened to see Peter on the way to the bookstore yesterday.(3)It happened that碰巧......I happened to be out when he called. (= It happened that I was out when he called.)2. Imagine your home begins to shake and you must leave it right away.shake(v.) (shook, shaken) 1).摇动，震动e.g. Shake the bottle before taking the medicine.2). 使受震撼；使（信念等）动摇e.g. They were badly shaken by the news of her death.3).（指人）打颤，颤抖e.g. She was shaking with cold/laughter/fear/anger.shake(n.) (C 常用单数）摇动，震动 a shake of the head 摇头拓展：shake hands with sb. = shake sb. by the hand = shake sb's hand 与某人握手shake one's head 摇头（表示否定、怀疑、悲伤、不赞成）3. For three days the water in the village rose and fell, rose and fell.rise(vi.)“升起，升高”，（河水，物价等）上涨；提高；起身e.g. The sun rose at seven o'clock. /The river is rising after the rain./Prices have risensteadily during the past decade. /His voice rose in excitement. /The all rose from their seats to greet us.raise(vt.) 1)抬起，举起e.g. If you have any question, please raise your hand.2)提高；提出；增加 e.g. He raised his voice.The price of tomatoes has been raised recently.3)抚养；饲养 e.g. She raised a lot of chickens.4. In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为"太...以致于不能e.g. He is too old to work.但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义:1)“never / not too …to” “不太……所以能……”。

双重否定表示肯定意义。

e.g. One is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

It is never too late to mend. 亡羊补牢，犹为未晚。

2) “too…not to …”这一结构表示肯定意义时，意思是“太……不会不……”。

e.g. She is too kind not to help you. 她这么好，不会不帮助你的。

3)当too后的形容词是某种心理活动、情绪状态的形容词，如anxious, easy, eager, glad, happy, pleased, ready, willing等时，too表示肯定意义，相当于very, extremely。

e.g. She is too easy to get angry.(4)当too前有only, but, all，just, simple 等词时，“too…to…”表示肯定意义。

too 相当于very，意思是“非常；十分”。

e.g. I am only too glad to become a member of you.(5)与cannot连用表示肯定意义，意思是“越……越好；无论……也/都不过分”。

e.g. You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do yourhomework. 你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).(6)当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.e.g. There are too many problems to be solved.有很多问题有待解决。

5. In the city, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst.burst(v.) 1)（使）爆炸；胀破，爆破e.g. Water-pipes often burst in cold weather. 水管在寒冷的天气里经常冻裂。

2)（仅用于进行时）塞满，几乎要胀破（+with）e.g. I am bursting with pride. 我自豪极了。

burst(n.)爆炸，爆破；某事物的突然爆发e.g. A burst of hand-clapping followed the ending of the song.歌声结束之后响起了一阵掌声。

▲拓展:（1）burst in 突然进入（房间） e.g. The police burst in and arrested the boy.（2）burst into sth. 突然或猛烈地发出或产生出某事物burst into tears/laughter 突然哭起来/笑起来burst into anger 勃然大怒（3）burst out (+ doing) 突然开始做某事burst out crying/laughing/singing 6.But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, wereasleep as usual that night.think little of 不放在心上；看扁，轻视e.g. Most people thought little of the 8-year-old boy. In fact, they were wrong.拓展：think well / highly of 高度评价/赞扬think poorly / badly of 认为......很差；对......评价很低think of ... as ... 把...... 认为是......e.g. I thought of him as my best friend. However, he treated me as an enemy.7. It seemed as if the world was at an end. 世界似乎到了末日。

(1) at an end 结束，终结, 在句中常作表语。

e.g. The war was at an end. 战争结束了。

辨析：1) at the end (of) 在......的尽头；在......的结束，可表时间或空间。

e.g. At the end of the street, you'll find a supermarket.2) in the end 最后，终于= at last，不能和of连用。

e.g. He tried many times, and in the end he succeeded.3) by the end of 到......末为止，到......结束时，通常和完成时连用。

e.g. How many words had you learned by the end of last term?(2) It seemed + that从句是一个句型，表示“看起来好象”。

e.g. It seemed that he didn't notice this.It seemed 后还常跟as if从句, 如果与事实相反，则用虚拟语气；如果与事实一致，则保持正常时态。

e.g. There is a lot of cloud. It seems as if it's going to rain. (事实，不用虚拟)She is so kind to me. It seems as if she were my mother.（不是事实，与现在事实相反）sb. 作主语时，seem后常跟adj. 作表语。

e.g. He seemed a little angry.8. In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.ruin(n.) U 毁坏，毁灭；灭亡 e.g. The war brought ruin to the country.C 废墟；遗迹ruin表示“废墟；遗迹”常用复数，常构成短语in ruins，表示“严重受损；破败不堪”。

e.g. the ruins of ancient Rome 古罗马遗迹His career lies in ruins. 他已事业尽毁。

ruin(v.) 毁坏，毁灭；使破产有一般“弄坏了”之意，也有比喻的意思。

e.g. He ruined his prospects by carelessness. 他因疏忽大意而断送了前途。

9. Sand now filled the wells instead of water.instead of “代替，而不是” (后接名词，代词，动名词，介词短语等，但不能接句子）e.g. Give me the red one instead of the green one. /We walked down the stairs insteadof taking the lift. /He came by train instead of by bus.instead 是副词，在句子单独作状语，置于句首时，意为“相反地”。