初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义语篇学语法 从句larrived inLondonon afoggyday,togotoaveryimporta n tmeeti n g.Thepla ce① where the meeti ng was going to beheldwas on theothersideofthetow n.Alltrafficcametoastop ② because the drivers were not able to see more tha n a yard in front of them.Themeeti n gwouldbegi n at9:00,soldecidedtogothere on foot.Mi nu teslater,lwascompletelylost.lstoodtherea n dthought③ that I would have to phone to the meet ing to eGpla in④ that I was not able to arrive there on time.The nl hearday oun gma n ' svoiceco min goutofthefog, “【suppose ⑤ you are lost.Canlhelpyou? ” Iwasverygladtohaveaman⑥who could take me to the meeti n g.Afterwardltoldhim⑦ where I wan ted to go,tookhisarm,a ndwestarted.Wewalkedquitefast,turnin gcornersa ndcross in groads. way so easily. “I knowthispartofLondonquitewell, ” hesaid. “ But in suchafogit 'simpossibletoseea nything, ” Isaid. “I amblind,sir. ” hea nswered, “ In thefog,itiseGactlythesameformeasus⑧As I followed him through the dark streets 」wonderedual. ⑨ why he found his在英语语法中,按照句子结构,英语句子主要可以分为三种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句。
1. 简单句:最基本的句子类型,一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。
Eg: Myun clegivesmeacamera.2. 并列句:由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的,通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上的句子,Eg: Jim we nt tothepartylast ni ght,buthiswife did n ' t..Study hardandyouwill make progress.3. 复合句:由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句(从句有相应的连词引导)组成的句子<因此,复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构(完整的句子),句子与句子之间用连接词连接。
其中,主句部分可以独立存在,但从句担当了主句某一句子成分,故通常不能独立存在。
根据从句在句子中充当的成分,可以将其分为6类,即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
※从句的本质: __________________________________________名词性从句1. 主语从句:,而不是用单词或短语来充当主语。
eg: (1)What you n eedismorepractice.(2) Whe n the meeti ng will be held has no tbee nannoun ced.(3) That he will not atte nd the meet in gisclear.(4) Whether it will do us harm or goodis unknown.it 做形式主语,而将真正的主语从句放到句子的后面。
例如:(1) It isclearthat he will not attend the meeting.(2) It isunknownwhether it will do us harm or good.主语从句引导词:①连词that (在从句中不担任成分,本身没有词义),②连词whether (意思是“是否”)③连接代词what ,whatever ,who,whoever ,which 等引导,④连接副词when , where , how , why 等引导。
2. 表语从句:。
跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语。
eg:(1)Thatiswhat I want to say. (what 在从句中充当,不能省略)(2)Myop inioni sthat we should make a decisi on right now.(that 只引导,本身无词义,在从句中也不充当任何句子成分,可以省略)(3)Theproblemiswho should be resp on sible for this car accide nt.(who在从句中当,不能省略)(4)What I want to know (从句)iswho is in charge of the work(从句).(用于引导从句的what和引导从句的who都不能省略)(5)ltlooksas if it ' s going to rain.( looks 是系动词)3. 宾语从句:,在动词或介词的后面通常都跟有宾语。
引导宾语从句的连接词与主语从句和表语从句一样,是that,whether(if),who ,whoever ,which ,when,where,how,why ,what,whatever 等。
例如本文中出现的几个宾语从句:(1)Istoodthereandthought that ? I would have to phone to themeeti ng to eGpla in ④ that I was not able to arrive there on time. 第③ 句是thought的宾语从句,第④句是eGplain的宾语从句。
(2)Isuppose ⑤bu are lost.(这是suppose 的宾语从句,省略了that).(3)AfterwardItoldhim wh l >e I wan ted togo,tookhisarm,a ndwestarted.(这是told的宾语从句,充当间接宾语,弓I导词where在从句中充当状语)(4)Iwondered (Why he found his way so easily. (wondered 的宾从,why 在从句中充当状语)另外:宾语从句除了可以跟在及物动词之后外,还可以跟在介词的后面,充当介词的宾语。
Eg: YourcompositionisquitegoodeGceptthat there are some spelling mistakes.(充当介词eGcept的宾语)What we should take with us (主语从句)dependsonwhere we ' ll stay.(充当介词on的宾语)在使用宾语从句时,要注意:1 )宾语从句的时态①当主句是过去时的某种时态时,从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时八态0Eg : Theteacheraskedhimwhetherhe had studied En glishfor6years.②但如果主句是现在的时态,则从句的时态根据从句本身的实际情况而A定。
Eg : lamgladthatyoupassedtheeGam.2)that在引导宾语从句通常都省略,如上文中的第⑤句。
3)如果主句中it做形式宾语,而that引导宾语从句是真正的宾语时,that不能省略。
Eg: Many stude ntstake itforgra nted that their pare nts shoulddo everyth ing for them.(it是形式宾语,that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语,不能省略that )形容词性从句5. 定语从句:。
在全句中相当于形容词,用来修饰先行词(即被定语从句修饰的词)一一名词或代词,或修饰整个主句。
定语从句属于非独立性从句,本身不能独立存在,应该紧跟在它的先行词之后。
根据与先行词之间关系的密切程度,定语从句分为两类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
由关系代词(who,whom,whose,which,that,as) 或关系畐U词(whe n, where,why) 引导的从句,限制性定语从句:与先行词的关系密切,如果将定语从句删掉,那么剩下的主句部分就会含混不清,另外,限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。
女口上文中:Theplace ① where the meeting was going to be heldwas on theothersideofthetow n.Iwasverygladtohaveama n ⑥ who could take me to themeeti ng.非限制性定语从句:对先行词做进一步的解释或说明,如果删除掉,不影响整个句子的基本意思,通常用逗号与主句部分分开。
例如:⑴ Astude nt,whose n ame I don ' t kno w,comestoseeyou.(2) TheywillflytoL ondon ,where they pla n to stay for a week.(3) Tomdid n ' tpassthemathseGam,which made his pare nts an gry.(4) On eofthemostse ni careasistheLoireValley,where you can visit theold castles in whichthek in gsa n dquee n sofFra n ceusedtolive.分析:在上文第①句Theplace ①where the meeting was going to be heldwas on theothersideofthetow n. 中,主句部分是The place was on the otherside of the tow n. 由关系畐寸词where 引导的从句wherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheld 是表示地点的先行词the place 的定语,引导词where在从句中充当地点状语相当于in the place 。