《高中化学方程式总结》目录第一部分金属一碱金属钠………………………………1钾 (2)锂………………………………3二常见金属镁 (3)铝 (3)铁 (3)三其他金属锰 (4)铜 (4)钙 (5)钡 (5)铅 (5)锌………………………………5铍………………………………5汞 (5)第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素一卤族元素氟 (5)氯 (6)溴 (6)碘 (6)二氮族元素氮 (6)磷 (7)砷 (8)第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一碳族元素碳 (8)硅 (8)二氧族元素氧 (8)硫………………………………9第四部分有机反应一烃甲烷 (10)乙烯…………………………11乙炔 (11)苯 (11)甲苯 (12)二烃的衍生物溴乙烷………………………12乙醇 (12)苯酚…………………………13乙醛…………………………13乙酸…………………………14乙酸乙酯……………………15三糖类、油脂、蛋白质葡萄糖 (15)蔗糖、麦芽糖 (15)淀粉、纤维素 (15)油脂 (16)氨基酸 (16)第五部分离子反应……………17第六部分电极反应方程式 (20)第七部分热反应方程式 (22)第一部分金属一、碱金属1.钠Na4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na+O2点燃Na2O2Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑2Na+H2△2NaH2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)=4NaCl+Ti Na2ONa2O+H2O=2NaOH2Na2O+O2△2Na2O2Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2↑。
H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2O=NaOH+H2↑NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2↑6NaOH+3S△2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑2NaOH(过量)+CO2=Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量)=NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O 2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)=NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)=Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl NaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4Cl △NaCl+NH3↑+H2O2ﻫNaOH+P2O5=2NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O5=2Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3 3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(浓)△NaHSO4+HCl↑H2SO4(浓)+2NaCl Na2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓)=NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓)=NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2高温Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2↑+H2O2NaHCO3△Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2↑NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2↑NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO3△2NaNO2+O2↑H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3△NaHSO4+HNO3↑KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaClNa2S、NaHSNa2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S↓3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3S↓+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S ↑Na2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O=2NaHSO32NaHSO3△Na2SO3+SO2↑+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3↓+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO32.钾KK+O2△KO22K+2H2O=2KOH+H2↑K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O=2KOHK2O+CO2=K2CO32K2O2+2CO2=K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O=4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2=K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2=KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl=2KCl+CO2↑+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3↓+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3=Ag2CO3↓+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HCl=KCl+CO2↑+H2O2KHCO3△2CO3+CO2↑+H2OKClO32KClO3△2KCl+3O2↑KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2OKI2KI+Cl2=2KCl+I2KI+AgNO3=AgI↓+KNO3KAl(SO4)22KAl(SO4)2+6NaOH=K2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH)3↓2KAl(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2=K2SO4+3BaSO4↓+2Al(OH)3↓KAl(SO4)2+2Ba(OH)2=KAlO2+2BaSO4↓KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3=Fe(SCN)3+3KClKHKH+H2O=KOH+H2↑3.锂LiLi+O2△Li2O2Li+2H2O=2LiOH+H2↑Li2OLi2O+CO2=Li2CO3Li2O+H2O=2LiOHLiOH2LiOH+CO2=Li2CO3↓+H2OLiOH+CO2=LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+2HCl=2LiCl+CO2↑+H2OLiHCO3LiHCO3+HCl=LiCl+CO2↑+H2O2LiHCO3△Li2CO3+CO2↑+H2O二、常见金属1.镁Mg2Mg+O2点燃2MgOMg+2H2O=2Mg(OH)2↓+H2↑Mg+Cl2点燃MgCl22Mg+CO2点燃2MgO+CMg+S=MgSMg+Br2=MgBr2Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2↑Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2↑2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)=Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融)=MgCl2+2RbMgOMgO+2HCl=MgCl2+H2OMgO+H2O=Mg(OH)2↓Mg(OH)2Mg(OH)2+2HCl=MgCl2+2H2OMgCO3MgCO3+2HCl=2MgCl2+CO2↑+H2OMgCO3+2H2O △Mg(OH)2↓+CO2↑MgCO3△CO2↑+MgOMg(HCO3)2Mg(HCO3)2+2HCl=MgCl2+2CO2↑+2H2O2Mg(HCO3)2△Mg(OH)2↓+CO2↑+H2OMgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2=Mg(OH)2↓+BaSO4↓MgSO4+2NaOH=Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4↓2.铝AlAl+3O2点燃2Al2O32Al+3S△Al2S32Al+3Cl2△2AlCl34Al+3MnO2高温2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3高温Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3高温Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO△Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)△2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑Al2O3、Al(OH)3-- Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物)Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH)3△2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+6H2OAl(OH)3+NaOH=NaAlO2+2H2O铝盐AlCl3+3NaOH=Al(OH)3↓+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl AlCl3+3NaHCO3=Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓Al2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑Al4C3+12H2O=4Al(OH)3↓+3CH4↑3.铁Fe2Fe+3Cl2点燃2FeCl33Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4Fe+S △FeS2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3Fe+I2△FeI2Fe+S △eS3Fe+4H2O(g)高温Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2S=FeS+H2↑2Fe+6H2SO4(浓)=Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O Fe+H2SO4(稀)=FeSO4+H2↑Fe+6HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2OFe+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O 10Fe+36HNO3=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O 8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO)2Cu=Cu+(CH3COO)2FeFeO 3FeO+2Al△Al2O3+3Fe6FeO+O2△2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2OFe2O3Fe2O3+2Al高温Al2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO△2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H2△3Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓)△FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH)2、Fe(OH)34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O==4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3△Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn=2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3=Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑2FeCl3+SO2+2H2O=2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2HClﻫFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN)3+3KClFeSFeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2S↑FeS+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2S↑4FeS2+11O2=2Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O=4Fe(OH)3+3O2↑4Na2FeO4+10H2O=4Fe(OH)3+3O2↑+8NaOH2Fe(OH)3+3NaClO+4NaOH=2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O2=2Na2FeO4+Na2O 其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应)三、其他金属1.锰KMnO42KMnO4△K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑2KMnO4+16HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2↑+8H2O MnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓)△MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O2.铜Cu2Cu+O2△2CuO2Cu+S△Cu2SCu+Cl2CuCl23CuO+2NH3△3Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HCl=CuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2O Cu(OH)2+H2SO4=CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2△2OCuCl2+H2S=CuS↓+2HClCuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2↓+2NaClCuSO4+H2S=CuS↓+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH)2=Cu(OH)2↓+BaSO4↓3.钙CaCaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2CaO+SiO2高温CaSiO32Ca(OH)2+2Cl2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCa(OH)2+SO3=CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体)CaCO3+SiO2高温CaSiO3+CO2↑CaF2+H2SO4(浓)=CaSO4+2HF↑Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO4(浓)=3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4(浓)=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO4=3Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H2↑4.钡BaBa(OH)2+CO2=BaCO3↓+H2OBa(OH)2+2CO2(过量)=Ba(HCO3)2Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2H2O3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO3=Ba3(PO4)2↓+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4=BaSO4↓+2NaClBaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+CO2↑+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3=Ba(NO3)2+CO2↑+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSO4↓+H2O2)5.铅Pb、PbO2Pb+2HCl=PbCl2+H2↑PbO2+4HCl(浓)△2+Cl2↑+2H2O铅盐Pb(NO3)2+H2S=PbS↓+2HNO3(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbS↓+CH3COOH6.锌ZnZn+S△ZnSZn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2↑Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑Zn+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2↑Zn+2FeCl3=2FeCl2+ZnCl2ZnOZnO+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH)2Zn(OH)2+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZn(OH)2△ZnO+H2O7.铍BeBe+2HCl=BaCl2+H2↑Be+2NaOH=Na2BO 2+H2↑BeCl2+2NaOH=Be(OH)2↓+2H2O Be(OH)2+2HCl=BeCl2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2NaOH=Na2BO2+2H2O8.汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀)=3Hg(NO3)2+2NO2↑+4H2O Hg+4HNO3(浓)=Hg(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2O第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素1.氟F2F2+H2=2HF2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2HF4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O2.氯Cl2Cl2+H2=2HCl(光照或点燃)Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+Cu CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S↓Cl2+H2S=2HCl+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O=HCl+HClOCl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓)=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O HCl6HCl+2Al=2AlCl3+3H2↑2HCl+Fe=FeCl2+H2↑4HCl(浓)+MnO2△MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2△2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3=NH4Cl(白烟)2HCl+FeO=FeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O3=2FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓)+Fe3O4△FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4=Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4=NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4=H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3=NaHCO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO3=NaCl+H2O+CO2HClOHClO=HCl+O2↑3.溴Br2Br2+H2△2HBrBr2+Fe=FeBr3Br2+2FeBr2=2FeBr3Br2+NaI=NaBr+I2Br2+HI=HBr+I2Br2+H2O=HBr+HBrOBr2+NaOH=NaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBrBr2+H2S=S↓+2HBr2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2↑HBrHBr+NaOH=NaBr+H2O 2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 4.碘I2I2+H22HII2+Fe FeI2I2+2NaOH=NaI+NaIO+H2O HI2HI△H2+I22HI+Cl2=2HCl+I2HI+NaOH=NaI+H2O二、氮族元素1.氮N2N2+3H2催化剂高温高压2NH3N2+O22NON2+3Mg点燃Mg3N2N2+6Na=2Na3NNO、NO2、N2O52NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)6NO+4NH3催化剂△5N2+6H2ONO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2=SO3+NO3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO ↑4HNO3(浓)+C△CO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑6HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O4HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O 36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S↓+2NO+4H2O4HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2O(见光或受热分解)NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白烟)(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、(SO2)3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3S↓+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O5HNO3(浓)+P=H3PO4+5NO2↑+H2OP4+20HNO3(浓)=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓)=H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)=3SO2↑+4NO↑+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)=H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2ONH32NH3+3CuO△3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)点燃2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2催化剂△4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO催化剂△5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)NH3+HCl=NH4Cl(白烟)NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白烟)2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3↓+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法)2NH3+SO2+H2O=(NH4)2SO3NH3·H2O△NH3↑+H2ONH3+H2O NH3·H2O NH4++OH---N H4HCO 3、(N H4)2CO 3 NH 4HCO 3=NH 3+H 2O+C O2 (NH 4)2CO 3=2NH 3↑+H 2O+CO 2↑ NH 4ClNH 4Cl=NH 3+HCl 2NH 4Cl+C a(OH)2 △Ca Cl 2+N H3↑+H2ONH 4Cl +NaOH△Na Cl+N H3↑+H2ONH 4Cl+N aOH==NaC l+NH 3·H 2O NH 4NO3N H4NO 3+NaOH==NaN O3+NH 3·H2O NH 4NO 3+NaO H △NaNO 3+NH 3↑+H 2O 5NH 4NO 32HNO3+4N2↑+9H 2O (NH 4)2SO 3、(NH 4)2SO4(NH4)2SO 3+SO 2+H 2O=2NH 4H SO3(NH 4)2SO 4+2NaOH==Na 2SO 4+2NH 3·H 2O (N H4)2S O4+2NaOH △2SO 4+2NH 3↑+2H 2O2.磷 P 2P+3Cl 2点燃2PCl 3 PC l3+Cl 2 △5P 4+6H 2 △34P +5O2点燃P4O 10(常写成P 2O 5)P4+20HNO 3(浓)=4H 3PO 4+20NO 2+4H2O11P+15CuSO 4+24H 2O=5Cu 3P+6H 3PO 4+15H 2SO4PH 3+2O 2=H 3PO 4 P 2O3、P 2O 5P 2O5+H 2O(冷)=2HP O3P 2O5+3H 2O(热)=2H3P O4(P 2O 5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂)P 2O 5+3H2SO 4(浓)=2H 3PO 4+3S O3 P 2O 5+2NaOH =2NaP O3+H 2O P2O 5+6N aOH=2Na 3P O3+3H 2O H 3PO 44H3PO 4+Ca 3(PO 4)2=3Ca (H2PO 4)2(重钙) H 3PO 4(浓)+Na Br =NaH 2PO 4+HBr H 3P O4(浓)+NaI =N aH 2PO 4+HI3.砷 AsAs 2O 3+6Zn+12HCl=2AsH 3↑+6ZnCl 2+3H 2O3As 2S3+28HNO 3(稀)+4H 2O=6H3AsO 4+9H 2S O4+28NO ↑As 2S3+28HNO3(浓)=2H 3A sO 4+3H 2SO 4+28NO 2↑+8H 2O第三部分 碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素 1.碳 CC+2F 2=C F4 C+2Cl 2=CCl 42C+O 2(少量) 点燃2CO C +O2(足量) 点燃CO 2 C+CO 2△2COC+H2O高温C O+H2(生成水煤气)2C +SiO 2 △2CO (制得粗硅) C +S i △ SiC(金刚砂) C +2S△C S23C+CaO电炉C aC2+CO ↑ 3C+S iO 2电炉S iC +2CO ↑C+2H2SO 4(浓)△2↑+2SO 2↑+2H 2OC+4HN O3(浓) △CO 2↑+4NO 2↑+2H 2OCO 2C O+O 2点燃2C O2CO+CuO△Cu+CO2 3CO+Fe 2O3△2F e+3CO2CO+H2O 催化剂△ C O2+H 2C O2 C O2+2Mg点燃2MgO+CCO 2+H 2O=H 2CO 3CO 2+2NaOH(过量)=N a2CO 3+H 2O CO 2(过量)+NaOH =N aHCO 3 CO 2+Ca(OH)2(过量)=CaC O3↓+H 2O 2C O2(过量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HC O3)2CO 2+2NaAl O2+3H2O =2Al(O H)3↓+Na 2CO 3 CO 2+C 6H5ONa+H 2O=C 6H5OH+Na HC O3 C O2+Na 2O=Na 2CO 32CO 2+2Na 2O 2=2N a2C O3+O 2CO 2+N H3+NaC l+H 2O=NaH CO 3↓+NH 4Cl (侯氏制碱法)H 2CO 3H 2CO 3=CO2↑+H 2O2.硅 SiSi(粗)+2Cl 2 △Si Cl 4SiC l4+2H 2 △Si(纯)+4HC lSi(粉)+O2△SiO 2Si +C △SiC (金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H 2O =Na 2SiO 3+2H 2 SiO 22C+Si O2 △S i+2C O(制得粗硅) 3C+SiO 2电炉Si C+2CO ↑ 2Mg+SiO 2点燃2Mg O+Si4HF +SiO 2=S iF 4+2H 2O SiO 2+2H 2△Si+2H 2O SiO 2+2Mg△2MgO +Si SiO 2+C aO高温CaSiO 3S iO2+2NaOH=N a2SiO 3+H 2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO 2+Na 2CO 3 高温Na 2SiO 3+CO 2 S iO2+Ca CO 3 高温C aSi O3+CO 2 2Na OH +SiO 2=Na 2SiO 3+H2O二、氧族元素 1.氧 O 2 O2+2H2点燃2H 2OO 2+K△KO 22O 2+3Fe 点燃Fe 3O4 O 2+S 点燃SO 2 O 2+N 22N O 3O22O34P+5O 2点燃2P 2O 5C +O2(足量)点燃CO 2Si+O 2△SiO 24Na+O 2=2Na 2O 2N a2O+O 2△2Na 2O22Na +O 2=Na 2O22Mg+O 2 点燃2MgO 4Al+3O 2 点燃2Al2O 3 4N H3+5O 2 催化剂△ 4NO +6H 2O2SO 2+O2△3 2CO +O 2点燃2CO 26FeO+O2 △2Fe 3O 4 2H 2SO 3+O 2=2H 2SO 44F e(O H)2+O 2+2H 2O=4Fe(O H)32Na 2S O3+O 2=2Na 2SO 4 O 32O 3=3O 2O3+2HI==I2+O 2+H 2O H 2O2F 2+2H 2O=4H F+O 2 Cl 2+H2O=HCl+HClO 2Na+2H2O =2NaOH+H 2↑ Mg+2H 2O =Mg(OH)2+H 2↑3Fe +4H 2O(g ) 高温F e3O 4+4H2 2H 2O 电解2H 2↑+O 2 SO 2+H 2O =H 2SO 3 S O3+H2O =H2SO 4 3NO 2+H2O=2HNO 3+N O N 2O 5+H 2O=2HNO 3P2O5+H 2O (冷)=2H PO3 P 2O 5+3H 2O(热)=2H 3PO 4 C O2+H 2O =H 2CO 3 H 2O22H 2O 2=2H2O+O2↑ H 2O2+C l2=2HCl+O 25H 2O 2+2KMn O4+6HC l=2MnCl 2+2K Cl+5O 2↑+8H 2O2.硫 SS+H2△H 2S 2S+C △CS 2S+Fe△e S S +2Cu△Cu 2S 3S+2Al△Al 2S3S +Zn △ZnSS+O 2 点燃SO 2 S+6HN O3(浓)=H 2SO4+6NO 2↑+2H2O 3S +4HN O3(稀)=3SO 2↑+4NO ↑+2H 2O 3S+6Na OH △2Na 2S+Na 2SO 3+3H2O S+2Na =Na 2S(爆炸) S +Mg =Mg SS +Fe △S+2H 2SO 4(浓)=3SO2↑+2H 2O SO 2SO 2+2H 2S =3S+2H2O 2S O2+O2 △ 2SO 32S O2+O 2+2H 2O =2H 2SO 4 SO2+Cl 2+2H2O=H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 2+Br 2+2H2O=H2S O4+2HBr SO 2+I 2+2H 2O=H 2SO 4+2HI SO 2+N O2=S O3+N O SO 2+2H 2S =3S+2H 2O SO 2+H2O =H2SO 3SO 2+2NH 3+H 2O=(NH4)2SO 3 SO 2+(NH 4)2SO 3+H 2O=2N H4HSO 3 SO 2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO 3↓+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO 2和CO2.可用品红鉴别) 2Na OH+SO 2(少量)=Na2SO 3+H2O Na OH+SO 2(足量)=NaHSO 3 Cl 2+S O2+2H 2O=H 2S O4+2HC l SO 3SO 3+H2O =H 2SO 4 S O3+MgO=MgS O4SO 3+Ca(OH )2=C aS O4+H 2O SO 3+Na 2O =Na 2S O4SO 3+2KI =K2SO 3+I 2 H 2SH 2S +Cl 2=2HCl+S ↓ H 2S+Mg=M gS+H22H2S+3O 2(足量)=2S O2+2H 2O 2H 2S+O2(少量)=2S+2H 2O 2H 2S+SO 2=3S+2H 2O H 2S+H 2SO 4(浓)=S ↓+SO 2+2H 2O H 2S △2+S3H 2S+2H NO3(稀)=3S↓+2NO+4H 2O5H2S+2KM nO 4+3H 2SO 4=2Mn SO4+K2SO 4+5S+8H 2O3H 2S+K 2Cr 2O 7+4H 2SO 4=Cr 2(SO 4)3+K2SO 4+3S+7H 2OH 2S+4Na 2O2+2H2O =N a2SO 4+6Na OH H 2S+Fe =FeS+H 2↑ H 2S+CuCl 2=CuS ↓+2H ClH2S +2AgNO 3=Ag 2S↓+2HN O3 H 2S+HgC l2=HgS ↓+2HC l H 2S +Pb(NO 3)2=Pb S↓+2HNO 3 H 2S +4NO 2=4NO+SO 3+H2O H 2SO 3H 2SO 3+X2+H 2O=H2S O4+2HX(X表示Cl 2、Br 2、I 2) 2H 2S O3+O 2=2H 2SO 4 H 2S O3+H 2O 2=H 2SO4+H 2O5H2SO 3+2KMnO 4=2MnSO 4+K2SO 4+2H 2SO4+3H 2OH 2SO 3+2FeC l3+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2FeCl 2+2HC l H 2S O3=H 2O+SO 2↑ 2H 2SO 3+2H2S=3S ↓+2H 2O H 2SO 4Zn+H 2SO 4=Zn SO4+H 2↑ Fe+H2SO 4=FeSO 4+H 2↑ Mg+H 2SO 4=M gSO 4+H 2↑ 2Al+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(S O4)3+3H 2↑2Al+6H 2SO4(浓) △Al 2(SO 4)3+3SO 2↑+6H2O 2NH3+H 2SO 4=(NH 4)2SO 4 2Al+6H 2SO 4(浓)△A l2(S O4)3+3SO 2↑+6H 2OH2S+H 2SO 4(浓)=S ↓+SO 2+2H2O P 2O 5+3H2SO 4(浓)=2H 3P O4+3SO 3 Ba O2+H 2SO 4(稀)=BaSO 4+H 2O 2)--N a2O 2+H2SO 4(冷、稀)=Na 2SO 4+H2O 2 M gO+H2SO 4=Mg SO 4+H 2O Al 2O 3+3H 2SO 4=A l2(SO 4)3+3H 2O 2H 2SO 4(浓)+C△C O2↑+2SO 2↑+2H 2O2H 2SO 4(浓)+S=3SO 2↑+2H2O6H 2SO 4(浓)+2Fe=F e2(SO 4)3+3SO 2↑+6H 2O 2H2SO4(浓)+Cu △C uSO4+S O2↑+2H2OH 2SO 4(浓)+2HBr△SO 2+Br 2+2H2OH 2SO 4(浓)+2HI△SO 2+I 2+2H 2OH 2S O4(浓)+CaF 2=Ca SO 4+2H F↑ H 2SO 4(浓)+NaC l△NaHSO 4+H Cl ↑H2S O4(浓)+2NaCl Na 2S O4+2H Cl H2S O4(浓)+NaN O3△NaH SO 4+H NO 3↑3H 2SO 4(浓)+Ca 3(PO 4)2=3CaSO 4+2H 3P O4 2H 2SO 4(浓)+Ca 3(PO 4)2=2C aSO 4+C a (H2PO 4)2第四部分 有机反应一、烃 1.甲烷甲烷的制取:CH 3COONa+NaOH Na 2CO 3+CH 4↑烷烃通式:C nH 2n -2(1)氧化反应 甲烷的燃烧:CH 4+2O2 CO 2+2H 2O 甲烷不可使酸性高锰酸钾溶液及溴水褪色。