Fundamentals of Materials Science 材料科学基础名词与术语第一章绪论metal: 金属ceramic: 陶瓷polymer: 聚合物Composites: 复合材料Semiconductors: 半导体Biomaterials: 生物材料Processing: 加工过程Structure: 组织结构Properties: 性质Performance: 使用性能Mechanical properties: 力学性能Electrical properties: 电性能Thermal behavior: 热性能Magnetic properties: 磁性能Optical properties: 光性能Deteriorative characteristics: 老化特性第二章原子结构与原子键Atomic mass unit (amu): 原子质量单位Atomic number: 原子数Atomic weight: 原子量Bohr atomic model: 波尔原子模型Bonding energy: 键能Coulombic force: 库仑力Covalent bond: 共价键Dipole (electric): 偶极子electronic configuration: 电子构型electron state: 电位Electronegative: 负电的Electropositive: 正电的Ground state: 基态Hydrogen bond: 氢键Ionic bond: 离子键Isotope: 同位素Metallic bond: 金属键Mole: 摩尔Molecule: 分子Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相容原理Periodic table: 元素周期表Polar molecule: 极性分子Primary bonding: 强键Quantum mechanics: 量子力学Quantum number: 量子数Secondary bonding: 弱键valence electron: 价电子van der waals bond: 范德华键Wave-mechanical model: 波粒二象性模型第三章金属与陶瓷的结构Allotropy: 同素异形现象Amorphous: 无定形Anion: 阴离子Anisotropy: 各向异性atomic packing factor(APF): 原子堆积因数body-centered cubic (BCC): 体心立方结构Bragg’s law: 布拉格定律Cation: 阳离子coordination number: 配位数crystal structure: 晶体结构crystal system: 晶系crystalline: 晶体的diffraction: 衍射face-centered cubic (FCC): 面心立方结构第五章晶体缺陷Alloy: 合金A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements.由两种及以上元素组成的金属材料。
Weight percent (wt%)：质量百分数Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relative to the total alloy weight (or mass). Stoichiometry: 正常价化合物For ionic compounds, the state of having exactly the ratio of cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula.在离子化合物中，正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的化合价关系。
Imperfection: 缺陷，不完整性A deviation from perfection; normally applied to crystalline materials wherein there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order and/or continuity.对完美性的偏离，在材料科学领域中通常指晶体材料中原子/分子在排列顺序/连续性上的偏离。
Point defect: 点缺陷A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites.一种仅波及一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。
Vacancy: 空位A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is missing.一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。
Vacancy diffusion: 空位扩散The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.一种扩散机制，此时原子的净迁移是从晶格节点位置迁移到相近的空位中。
Self-interstitial: 自间隙原子A host atom or ion that is positioned on an interstitial lattice site. 处于自身晶格间隙中的原子或离子。
Schottky defect: 肖脱基缺陷In an ionic solid, a defect consisting of a cation –vacancy and anion –vacancy pair.在离子晶体中的一种缺陷结构，它是由一个阳离子空位和一个阴离子空位组成的空位对。
Atomic vibration:原子振动The vibration of an atom about its normal position in a substance. 材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振动。
一般说来，这种振动与温度相关，温度越高，振动的幅度越大，因此也称为原子热振动。
Substitutional solid solution: 置换固溶体A solid solution wherein the solute atoms replace or substitute for the host atoms.溶质原子取代或代替溶剂原子而形成的固溶体。
Interstitial diffusion: 间隙扩散A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site.一种扩散机制，此时原子的运动是从晶格间隙位置迁移到另一个相近的间隙位置。
Interstitial solid solution: 间隙固溶体A solid solution wherein relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms.相对尺寸较小的溶质原子占据溶剂或晶格原子之间间隙位置所形成的固溶体。
Solid solution: 固溶体A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species.Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible. 包含两种或两种以上元素的均匀单相。
固溶体可以以置换固溶体或间隙固溶体的形式存在。
Solid-solution strengthening: 固溶体强化Hardening and strengthening of metals that result from alloying in which a solid solution is formed.The presence of impurity atoms restricts dislocation mobility. 由于形成固溶体的合金化过程引起的金属硬化和强化，其机制是异类原子的存在限制了位错的可动性。
Solute: 溶质One component or element of a solution present in a minor concentration.It is dissolved in the solvent.溶液（固溶体）中，含量较少的组元或元素。
溶质溶解在溶剂中。
Solution heat treatment: 固溶处理，均匀化退火The process used to form a solid solution by dissolving precipitate particles.Often, the solid solution is supersaturated and metastable at ambient conditions as a result of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature.让沉淀物融解而形成固溶体的热处理过程。
通常情况下，从固溶处理温度下快速冷却，形成室温下亚稳态过饱和固溶体。
Solvent: 溶剂The component of a solution present in the greatest amount. It is the component that dissolves a solute.溶液（固溶体）中，含量最大的组元，此组元溶解了溶质。
Burgers vector (b): 柏氏矢量A vector that denotes the magnitude and direction of latticedistortion associated with a dislocation.表示位错引起晶格畸变程度和方向的矢量。
Composition (C i ): 成分，组成The relative content of a particular element or constituent (i ) within an alloy, usually expressed in weight percent or atom percent.合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，通常用质量百分数或原子百分数来表示。