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观察性研究中的因果推断方法(二)30分钟
directed acyclic graph
BL De Stavola | Causal modelling
Causal diagram——
Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
Causal graph models (Judea Pearl's framework)
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(空气污染水平)
(性别)
Causal diagram——
Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
因果图的基本概念(causal diagrams)
(空气污染水平) (性别) 因果路(causal path):是由一系列同向单 向箭头相继连接若干点而成的路。例如, A → C → D是因果路,而E ← C → D则不是因 果路。 (支气管反应) 祖先节点( ancestor node )和后代节点 (descendant node): 在从变量X →...... →变 量Y的因果路中,变量X叫做变量Y的祖先节 点,而变量Y叫做变量X的后代节点。例如, (哮喘发作) (抗哮喘治疗) A、B、C均是E、D的祖先节点,而E、D则 引自:Greenland S. Epidemiology.1999;10(1):37-48 均是A、B、C的后代节点。
Acknowledgement
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Introduction to strategies for causal inferences
Motivation in epidemiological resrarchs
BL De Stavola | Causal modelling
Introduction to strategies for causal inferences
Causal diagram——
Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
Denitions of causation in the statistical literature
Causal graph models (Judea Pearl's framework)
Elwert@. Version 5/2013 ng
Limitations – Don’t display the parametric assumptions that are often necessary for estimation in practice. – Generality can obscure important distinctions between 11 estimands.
Causal diagram——
Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
Causal diagram——Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
An Example: a causal diagram for gastroesophageal reflux(胃 食管反流) and esophageal disease(食管疾病).
cause models ):任何疾病涉及许多组合病因的 结合, 而这些病因成分的联合作用, 即充分病因 自身的群集效应。在解释一些复杂病因关系上, 具有很好的直观性和合理性, 是病因网说的一大 发展, 并具有一定的疾病防治意义。
结构方程病因模型(structural-equations
models):主要是为了验证假设的因果关系,融 合了因素分析和路径分析的多元统计技术,整合 了由因子分析所代表的潜在变量研究模型与路径 分析所代表的传统线性因果关系模型,特别适于 定量因果关系的验证。
中国生物统计2016年学术年会导师讲坛(天津)
观察性研究中的因果推断方法(二)(30分钟)
因果推断的概率图模型
Fuzhong Xue (薛付忠)
山东大学 公共卫生学院 生物统计学系
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health Shandong University
BL De Stavola | Causal modelling
Causal diagram——
Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
Denitions of causation in the statistical literature
BL De Stavola | Causal modelling
2016.07.27(天津)
Outline
1 2 3 4
Introduction to strategies for causal inferences
Causal diagram——Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
Causal Effect Identification -----in the Perspective of Causal diagram
Greenland S, et al. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(5):1030-7.
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Introduction to strategies for causal inferences
因果推断的四种基本策略
充分/组合病因模型( sufficient-component
Greenland S, et al. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(5):1030-7.
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Introduction to strategies for causal inferences
Denitions of causation in the statistical literature
因果推断的四种基本策略
因果图病因模型(casual diagram): 优 点是利用“图+概率”的方式直观清晰的表达变 量之间的时序关系、相关关系或因果关系等多种 语义,特别清晰地表达交互效应、效应修饰、中 介效应、混杂偏倚、选择偏倚和信息偏倚等多种 因果推断关键问题。缺点是主要适于分类变量间 的因果推断。 反事实病因模型(potential-outcome counterfactual) models):我们只能得到个体 u受到干预的数据Yt,或者个体u没有受到干预的 数据Yc,但不能同时得到这两个数据。因此,在 没有假设的前提下,不可能在个体层面上进行因 果推断。方法是假设两个个体是相同的,采用人 工随机化或自然随机化方式分组,观察暴露与结 局的因果关系。优点是能定量分析因果关系。
Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
Causal graph models (Judea Pearl's framework)
BL De Stavola10 | Causal modelling
Causal diagram——
Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
Why DALeabharlann s?DAGs graphically represent non-parametric structural equation models. They may look like the path models of yore, but they are far more general.
S1
T R1
S2
R2
D2
R=reflux (反流) D1 S=symptoms(症状) I1 T=treatment(治疗) I=imaging(影像表型) D=esophagus status (食管病变) Ddx=diagnosed esophagus status (诊断) D1dx
I2
D2dx
Rigorous mathematical objects, support proofs • Very general (nonparametric) • For many purposes, DAGs are more accessible than potential outcomes notation – All pictures, no algebra – Focus attention on causal assumptions (language of applied scientists) – Great for deriving (nonparametric) identification results – Great for deriving the testable implications of a causal model – Intuition for understanding many problems in causal inference. – Particularly helpful for complex causal models
父母节点(parent node)和子女节点(child node):连接变量X与变量Y的直
接因果路X → Y中的变量X叫做变量Y父母节点,而变量Y叫做变量X的子女节
点。例如,A、C是E的父母节点,而C、E是A的子女节点。
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Causal diagram——
Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)
示出来(未观察或测量)。通常,在 因果图中用带有虚线箭头的字母U表示 这些未加定义的共享祖先,U可能是多 个变量。
(抗哮喘治疗)
(支气管反应)
(哮喘发作)
引自:Greenland S. Epidemiology.1999;10(1):37-48