第24课分词导言分词在英语中是非常活跃的语言现象。
在学习分词的过程中语与从句加以比较，对于理解分词有很大的帮助。
因此我们在设计练习时，为同学准备相应的练习，请多加注意。
▲ 分词的构成现在分词──动词原形+ing过去分词──动词原形+ed（部分分词有不规则变化）分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。
现在分词通常含有主动和进行两个概念。
过去分词通常含有被动和完成两个概念。
▲分词做表语●The film we saw yesterday was really我们昨天看的那场电影确实感人。
（电影使人感动，所以用现在分词）●They were hearing the news.听到这个消息，他们很激动。
（他们为消息而激动，用过去分词）●The story is very这个故事很有意思。
●（故事使他们感兴趣，他们是承受者，用过去分词）注：现在分词和过去分词做表语时，因为它们很像形容词，很多词典已经把它们例为形容词或某种习惯，用法如to be interested in,to be excited on.▲ 分词做定语1. 单独一个分词做定语通常放在所修饰的名词前面。
●一个能理解别人的人。
（现在分词表示主动）●country=发展中国家。
（现在分词表示进行）熏鱼。
（过去分词表示被动和完成）●发达国家。
（过去分词表示完成）2. 分词短语做定语往往放在所修饰的名词之后，实际上是一个定语从句的省略，但要注意不是所有的定语从句都能用分词代替。
关键在于定语从句的时态。
下面举例说明。
She is the girl (who is) standing there.This is the book (which was ) written by our teacher.●（现在分词短语做定语时表示的是进行）●（将which省略，将leads改为现在分词。
从上面句子可以看出，现在分词短语做定语也可以表示与谓语动作同时发生）。
●注：上面的句子只能用不定式做定语因为从句所表达的意思是将来时。
因此，现在分词短语做定语时，动作必须同谓语动作同时发生。
否则不能用现在分词做定语。
●The proposal上句所定名词proposal是make动作的承受者，所以用过去分词。
我们可以从定语从句中看出。
过去分词含有被动含有完成也就是该分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
●从国外定的货很快就会被送来。
注：过去分词做定语含有被动和完成的概念，即分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，因此，不是所有被动语态的定语从句都可省略成过去分词。
请看例句。
of该句的written发生在谓语动词know之后，所以不能省掉which will be。
如果省略意思就变了。
请看例句。
●know the name of the book你知道我们老师写的那本书的书名吗？（意思是该书已写出来了）▲ 分词做状语分词做状语实际上就是一个并列句或状语从句的省略，并对句子稍做改动。
注：上句用过去分词，因其是一个从被动语态的从句省略而来，有时我们可以保留一些连词，像when, while等。
the machines will savethe machines will save farmers much如果将这些机器用于农业，就可以省去农民很多劳动。
注：如果连词是if，我们通常保留。
After I have dinner I will go to see a film,= (After) Having dinner, I will go to see a film.▲ 现在分词做宾语补语 可以用于这种结构的动词有hear, see, notice, watch等感官动词。
●I saw我看到那个孩子在爬树。
注：在这种结构中我们也可以用省略to的不定式，I saw the boy climb the tree.现在分词表示进行，而不定式表示有这么一回事。
●●第二句我听到有人敲门。
（强调有这么一回事）▲ 过去分词做宾语补语have sth. done或get sth. done表示让别人做某事。
●●我要去理个发。
▲ 现在分词的时态现在分词的完成时主要用于状语从句，强调分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，简单地说，当状语从句的时态是完成时，我们在省略时，也用分词的完成时。
After his father dies, he will get a lot of money.After his father has died, he will get a lot of money.I know little about theI know little about the因为没去过中国，我对那个国家知道的很少。
▲ 现在分词的被动语态意下列每对句子中分词与从句的时态和语态。
the 孩子们在室内呆了一上午，开始坐不住了。
● I heard the noise of furniture=I heard the noise of furniture▲ 独立主格结构独立主格结构看起来很乱，实际上我们只要把它看成一个从句的省略，就容易明白了。
● Because he is ill,he will not go to school.he will not go to school.he will not go to school.he will not go to school.注：第一句主从句的主语相同，省略主语后，不会产生混乱。
第二句主从句主语不同，因此应保留从句的主语，只将is变为being,这就是独立主格结构的意义所在。
请看下面例句：we had to walk home.we had to walk home.and the sun shonethe sun s hone乌云散去，太阳又照耀着大地。
练习：1．The stewardesses make frequent cabin checks throughout the flight and offer any serves that may be needed by the passengers. 1．The stewardesses make frequent cabin checks throughout the flight, offering any serves that may be needed by the passengers.二、 将下列句子中划线的部分改用分词短语。
1. The stewardesses make frequent cabin checks throughout the flightand offer any serves that may be needed by the passengers.2. Aviation has its tradition. In the early years, for it was influenced bythe keep right（右行）rules of the road and at sea, aircraft also kept right on the airway.3. The sky around an airport is full of different kinds of aircraft which flyat different speeds inother at different heights.4.5. As soon as the meal was over, we began to work again.6. After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.7. There are nine planets that are running around the sun and the earth isone of them.8. I hate to see the letter that were written in pencil.9. If everything was taken into consideration, the plan, which Tom putforward, seems to be more workable.10. Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.11. A little girl walked past and her hair blew in the air.12. After I talk to you I always feel better.网上的同学请注意我们从今天开始，讲议中的每篇课文都以两种形式出现。
第一次未对文章及答案做任何注释，目的是希望同学们能够自己参与练习。
第二次我们对文章用了不同颜色和字体做了标记以便同学们关注重点。
请同学们退出网络，到下载区下载相应练习，积极参与练习。
先自己做一遍，然后再听，认真总结经验。
这样容易发现自己的错误。
阅读水平提高得较快，以便在高考中避免同样的错误。
另外请大家注意下载区，我们将不断的在该区内挂出一些重要的内容，以便大家下载学习。
2. Aviation has its tradition. In the early years, for it was influenced by the keep right（右行）rules of the road and at sea, aircraft also kept right on the airway.2. Aviation has its tradition. In the early years, influenced by the keep right（右行）rules of the road and at sea, aircraft also kept right on the airway.3. The sky around an airport is full of different kinds of aircraft which flyat different speeds in different directions when they crossother at different heights.3. The sky around an airport is full of different kinds of aircraftflying at different speeds in different directions when crossingover each other at different heights.4. There are long lines of people who are waiting to buy the tickets.4. There are long lines of people waiting to buy the tickets.5. As soon as the meal was over, we began to work again.5. The meal being over,we began to work again.6. After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.6. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.7. There are nine planets that are running around the sun and the earth isone of them.7. There are nine planets running around the sun and the earth is oneof them8. I hate to see the letter that were written in pencil.8. I hate to see the letter written in pencil.9. If everything was taken into consideration, the plan, which Tom putforward, seems to be more workable.9. If taken into consideration, the plan which Tom put forward seemsto be more workable.10. Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.10.The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.11. A little girl walked past and her hair blew in the air.12. After I talk to you I always feel better.12. After talking to you I always feel better.Thought Frenchmen and Americans have many common practices (when they eat) when eating, there are also some differences in table manners. The French keep the fork in the left hand while (they are) eating meat;but many Americans don’t. In France, both hands should be kept on the table while (they are) eating.In the U.S., the left hand may be on the lap. Frenchmen break off a piece of bread with their fingers and eat it. Americans, in con t rast, pick up the whole piece. Finally, Frenchmen eat fruit with a knife and a fork. Americans, on the other hand, usually use their fingers.虽然法国人和美国人在吃的方面有很多共同之处，但在餐桌礼仪方面也存在着一些不同。