学科专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考试科目：英语专业基础考试时间：2008年1月20日下午说明：所有试题答案均需写在答题纸上，写在本试卷上的一律无效。

第一部分：语言学I. Fill in the blank with an appropriate linguistic term. (15 points)1. The most striking feature of human language is __________, which means that an infinitely large numberof sentences can be constructed out of a finite set of rules.2. If a phoneme is realized by more than one sounds in different phonetic contexts, the sounds are called__________.3. When words are decomposed, the minimum meaningful constituents are __________.4. If a phrase or sentence can be interpreted in more than one ways, it is __________.5. The infinitude of language is due to the fact that the same syntactic rules can be applied again and again.This is called __________.6. If a sound segment copies the feature of a neighboring sound in speech it is said to be __________.7. According to Chomsky’s theory of syntax, phrase structure rules and lexicon generate the deep structure ofthe sentence, which will undergo __________ before the surface structure appears.8. Both transformational-generative grammar and systemic-functional grammar are theoretical grammars,while traditional grammar is a __________ grammar.9. Modern linguistics differ from earlier studies of language in that it is __________, in other words, modernlinguistics attempt to find out objectively the universals of human language or the regularities of a specific language.10. __________ is an interdiscipline that studies the relation between language and the mind.11. Pragmatics is different from semantics because it studies meaning in __________.12. Both phonetics and phonology analyze speech sounds, but the latter studies sound __________ and__________.13. Politician and statesman are similar in meaning, but they are different in __________.14. According to Halliday, language plays three functions, they are __________, __________ and__________.15. In the metaphor “marriage is a journey,” the __________ domain is travelling.II. Transcribe the initial sound of the word and then describe it. (10 points)Example: funny: [f] voiceless labiodental fricative1. psycholinguistics: __________ ____________________2. amplify: __________ ____________________3. church: __________ ____________________4. phonology: __________ ____________________5. organization: __________ ____________________6. hasty: __________ ____________________7. chemical: __________ ____________________8. mnemonic: __________ ____________________9. youth: __________ ____________________10. thrifty: __________ ____________________III. Write three words that share the given feature. (10 points)Example: voiceless: [s] [f] [p]1. tense:2. round:3. palatal:4. labial:5. nasal:6. velar:7. back:8. front:9. aspirated10. alveolarIV. Write the number of the morphemes of the word and then point out how the word is formed if it is composed of more than one morpheme. (10 points)Example: bookstore: 2 compounding1. stepsister: __________ __________2. occupation: __________ __________3. brainwash: __________ __________4. motel: __________ __________5. faster: __________ __________6. finger: __________ __________7. fridge: __________ __________8. troublesome: __________ __________9. roasted: __________ __________10. impossibility: __________ __________V. Write four phrase structure rules of English based on the sentences (a) to (g). (12 points)(a) People work.(b) Women like it.(c) Young men play the game.(d) The boy goes to school.(e) The little boy sells newspapers.(f) The little boy delivers local papers to every household.(g) He went to the city.S →NP →VP →PP →VI. Draw two phrase markers (tree diagrams) to illustrate the structural ambiguity of sentence (h). (8 points)(h) They can fish.VII. Pick out the word in each group that does not share the semantic feature(s) with the others and write it in your answer sheet. (10 points)1. melon apple pear apricot plum2. truck sledge cart car van3. alive married absent fast female4. walk run swim hop jog5. temple charity sincerity bravery fear6. parrot peacock penguin swallow sparrow7. lemon carrot cabbage cucumber tomato8. gun knife sword pistol handgrenade9. stool fan chair couch bed10. chick kitten calf hen duckling pigletVIII. Answer the question about the conversation. (10 points)1. A: This is a nonsmoking car, sir.B: Sorry. (extinguishing his cigarette)Question: What is the illocution of A’s utterance?2. A: Don’t you think the hostess is a bit odd today?B: Do you want another glass of beer?Question: What maxim of the politeness principle is violated in B’s response?（注：原文如此，疑似有误，我认为这里应该问的是cooperation principle – icywarmtea）3. A: The play is wonderful, isn’t it?B: The theme is significant.Question: What maxim of the politeness principle is observed in B’s reply?4. A: I bet you 100 dollars that the Bulls will win this game?B: Oh, do you?Question: What kind of utterance of A’s according to Austin’s theory of speech act?（注：原文如此——icywarmtea）5. A: Are you going out this afternoon?B: No.A: Can I borrow your bike?B: O.K.Question: What is A’s first utterance called?IX. Write a short essay (approximately 130-150 words) expressing your view on the two interpretations of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, namely linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism. (15 points)第二部分：英语国家概况I. Answer the following questions and write your answers in the answer sheet provided. (20 points)1. What are the contributions of the Norman Conquest? (3 points)2. What is the significance of the American Civil War? (3 points)3. Describe the characteristics of the British economy. (4 points)4. Name three most influential newspapers in the United States of America. (3 points)5. How do you understand “The members of the stronger party in the House of Commons are reallaw-makers.” (3 points)6. What are the geographical features of the United States of America? (4 points)第三部分：翻译I. Translate the following paragraph from English into Chinese. (15 points)It seems that as if a great deal were attainable in a world where there are so many marriages and decisive battles, and where we all, at certain hours of the day, and with great gusto and dispatch, stow a portion of victuals finally and irretrievably into the bag which contains us. And it would seem also, on a hasty view, that the attainment of as much as possible was the one goal of man’s contentious life. And yet, as regards the spirit, this is but a semblance. We live in an ascending scale where we live happily, one thing leading to another in an endless series. There is always a new horizon for onward-looking men, and although we dwell on a small planet, immersed in petty business and not enduring beyond a brief period of years, we are so constituted that our hopes are inaccessible, like stars, and the term of hoping is prolonged until the term of life.II. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. (15 points)白蛇传本事白蛇乃天上之精灵，因思凡下山，变成美女白素贞，与伺女小青（青蛇化身）居于杭州。