2. 若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用 不定式。 e.g. My wish is to find a part-time job this summer.
3. 现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词特征,也可以 作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别 e.g. The party was very exciting. They were very excited at the news．
world which is changing）变化中的世
界 a moving movie 感人的电影 excited voice激动的声音
（形容词性分词作定语） fallen leaves 落叶 a broken cup 一个破了的杯子 （过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成）
五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语
● can’t help to do sth. 不能帮忙做某事 can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
1. He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
2. It ’s a pay day, and they are waiting to be paid.
1. 在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式作宾语补 足语，“宾语+不定式”构成了复合宾语。
有些动词要求不定式不带to，有些要求必须带to，还 有的带与不带都可以。 ● 以下动词后常跟带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语：
ask, tell, want, wish, order, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require等。 e.g. The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。
二、不定式与动名词做宾语：
• 1. 下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, afford, agree, choose, pretend, decide, happen, learn, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, manage, promise, intend等。
● 不定式表结果，常用在too… to, enough… to结构中。 有时不定式前加上only，表示出人意料的结果。 e.g. The child is old enough to dress himself. We hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left. The husband left his wife, never to return.
六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语
1. 不定式做状语，主要表示目的、结果、原因以及评论 性状语。
● 不定式往往放在系表结构后面，表示产生某种情绪或 状态的原因。 e.g. She was surprised to see Jim walk in. 看到吉姆进来，她很惊讶。
● 不定式可以单独作目的状语，有时为了强调目的性， 在不定式前可以加上in order, so as。 e.g. To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself. In order to keep warm, we shut all the windows.
5. She can’t help to clean the house because she’s busy making a cake.
三、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语
1. 表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质时，不定式和动名 词可以互换。 e.g. My hobby is collecting/ to collect ancient coins.
• e.g. He agreed to get someone to help us. • They promised not to break the school rules
again.
2. 在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语： admit, advise, allow, avoid, bear, cannot help, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine. include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, practice, resist, risk, suggest, stand, insist on, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, admit to, be/ get/ become used to, be equal to, devote…to, get down to, look forward to, object to, stick to, take to, see to, lead to, pay attention to等。
动词ed： 现在分词
不定式和现在分词作结果状语的 区别
表完成和被 动
现在分词跟过去分词作状语
一、不定式与动名词做主语：
1. 动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为; 不定式 做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。 e.g. Climbing mountains is great fun. 爬山很有趣。 To visit China is my next goal. 2. 不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不 定式短语后置。 e.g. It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 3. 动名词作主语有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句 尾。常见于以下句型中： It’s use/ good / fun… It’s useful/ nice/ useless… e.g It’s nice seeing you again.
四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语
1. 不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示未发生的 动作或通常发生的某一动作。 e.g. The train to arrive is from London． He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
3. 现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。过去 分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义。单个分词 或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前 面；分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面。 e.g. the rising sun（现在分词做定语，= the sun which is rising）正在升起的太阳 the changing world（现在分词做定语，= the
The boss found his plan carried out successfully.
The boy was found lost in the forest. Have you heard this song sung in Japanese? (宾补) This song is often heard sung everywhere in China. (主补)
2. 动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途，一般 放在被修饰词的前面。 e.g. a washing machine （动名词做定语，= a machine which is used for washing） 洗衣机 a reading room（动名词做定语，= a room which is used for reading） 阅览室
e.g. I see him passing by a bank. 我看见他正经过一家银行。（宾语补足语）
He was seen working in the garden. 有人看见他正在花园里干活。（主语补足语）
3. 过去分词(done)做宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质或状态，与宾 语一起构成复合宾语，其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。 ● 若是及物动词的过去分词，既表示被动，也可以表示动作已 经完成（即先于谓语动词）。 ● 若是不及物动词的过去分词，则只表示完成。 ● 句子由主动变被动时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。
3. I forgot to sign my name when I finished writing the composition.
4. ---You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret having done that.
1. Learning a language requires time and effort. 2. It is not always easy to refuse invitations. 3. How to solve the problem will be discussed at
tomorrow’s meeting. 4. It takes forty-five minutes to get there by bus. 5. It is no good smoking . You should give it up.
2. 现在分词做补足语分两种情况： ● 形容词性质的现在分词作补足语：