Structure of abstract | Features of an abstract
Concise – write everything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible. Objective – states objectively the main points of the paper. Consistent – be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper. Complete – cover all the main points of the paper and be a miniature of the paper. Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.
To DESCRIBE the angle of observing issues
… from the angle of… … in the light of the context that… To view something at a different angle/from various angles… From the point of view of… From the perspective of…
informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.
To PRESENT results, findings and conclusion
Based on/upon the outcome/findings of the research, … The data/results obtained appear to…, thus we may conclude that… As a result of the current experiments, we conclude that… The author points out/recommends/concludes that… In summing up it may be stated that… All the preliminary results throw light on the nature of… These findings of the research have naturally led the author to the conclusion that…
STRUCTURE of Abstract
Classification of abstracts Structure of an informative abstract Features of an abstract
Structure of abstract | Classification of abstracts
To PRESENT results, findings and conclusion
The results of the experiment indicate/suggest that…; it is also found that… The results are as follows: … The analysis of the samples indicates that.. The data obtained seem to be very similar o those reported earlier by… It is concluded that..; the results also imply the further study into… The investigation/experiment varied by… and the results also revealed that… These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that…
Useful EXPRESSIONS
To DEFINE the background and argument of the present study
Although (the research subject)…, (the related problem)… is as yet undetermined. (The research subject)…, however, (the related problem)… remains unsolved. (Previous studies) have examined…, (the related problem) is that…, despite… (Problems in certain research area) are…, yet (the present solution) has frequently been questioned because… This paper describes/presents… (the argument) within… (a theoretical context) While (the debate on certain research subject) seems to…, (the present agreement) is still problematic.
How to Write
Abstract
What is abstract?
Basically, an abstract comprises one paragraph which describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper. As electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research papers in many subject areas today, abstracts have become increasingly important. So everything relevant to potential readers should be in the abstract, everything else not.
Structure of abstract | Structure of abstract an informative
Background – why do you want to do the research? Research question – what question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper? Method – how (what material, what method, and what procedures) do you get answers to your research question? Results – what is your answer to the question? Conclusions – what implications does the answer imply?
To STATE the purpose of the present study
This paper advances the view that… The article advocates/discusses/develops/focuses on/gives detailed explanation for/investigates into/proposes/holds that/… The purpose/intention of this paper is… The primary goal/aim of this research is… The overall objective of this study is… In this paper/study, we aim at… The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on… This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate… The author intends/attempts o outline the framework of/obtain some knowledge of…
To INTRODUCE the main participants or materials
The present study has investigated… by using/analyzing… (participants/materials) In this study, we inquired/examined/evaluated… (participants/materials) The experiments/investigations of the present study involved… (research method and procedures