①Functions of the skeletal system ?（骨骼系统的作用）1.Support :The skeletal provides a framework for the body2.Protection: many internal organs are protected from injury by the skeletal3.Movement: When the muscles which are attcched to contract the bones acting as levers produce movement,4.Mineral storage: Bones store several minerals that can be distributed to other parts of the body on demand.5.Blood cell production:Red marrow in certain is capable of producing blood cells ,a process called hematopoiesis.②Functions of the hypothalamus ?(下丘脑的功能)(1)Thus the hypothalamus exerts a major control over virtually all internal organs(2)The hypothalamus plays an essencial role in maintaining the body’s water balance(3)Thus the hypothalamus indirectly helps control the functioning of every cell in the body.(4)The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the mechanism for maintaining body temperature.(5)Regulation of water balance ,sleep cycles and the control of appetite and many emoions involved in pleasure ,fear ,anger ,and pain.③How do hemolysis and crenation take place ?(溶血与皱缩如何发生)If the plasma becomes hypotonic ,hemoglobin mixes with the water has diffused into the cells from the surrounding plasma ,causing hemolysis .In a hypertonic plasma the red blood cells shrink as a result of water leaving the cell body This shrinkage is called crenation.④How to control a hemorrhage?(如何控制出血)The most common are ligation or tying then ,clamping them with hemostats ,applying tourniquets ,and applying direct pressure over the wound.⑤What is hyperthyroidism and it’s three sympertion 甲亢及症状1.Hyperthyroidism or oversecretion of the thyroid hormones dramatically increases the metabolic rate .Food material is burned by the cells at an excessive rate2.lose weight have an increased appetite show signs of nervous irritability ⑥Functions of the kidneys?(肾的功能)(1)The kidneys play the central role in regulating the waterconcentration ,inorganic ion composition ,and volume of the internal environment.(2)The kidneys excrete metabolic waste products into the urine as fast as they are produced.(3)The excretion ,in the urine ,of some foreign chemicals.(4)Gluconeogenesis(5)Act as endocrine glands⑦Take about the process of the blood flow through the heart ?(心脏的血运过程)(1)The deoxygenated blood from the right atrium passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle .(2)The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary trunk which routes the blood via the pulmonary arteries to the lungs where gas exchange occurs .(3)The pulmonary veins then carry the oxygenated blood back to the heart and enters at the left atrium(4)From the left atrium ,the blood passes through the mistral valve to the left ventricle .(5)From the left ventricle the oxygenated blood passes into the aorta ,the largest artery in the body with brancles into smaller arteries for distribution to the rest of the body .[glomerular capsule / glomerulus /afferent arteriole / efferent arteriole /proximal convoluted tubule /distal convoluted tubule / collecting duct /loop of henle / peritublar capillaries】句子翻译1.The blood continually trades off calcium with the bone , removing calcium when it and other tissues are not receiving enough of this element and resupplying the bones with dietary calcium to keep them from losing too much bone mass.血液不停地与骨组织交换钙，在血液与其他组织钙不足是移走骨钙，同时从饮食中补充骨钙以避免丧失过多的骨组织。
2.The texture of short bones is spongy except at the surface, where there is a thin layer of compact bone.短骨除表面又一薄层密质骨外其质地呈海绵状。
3.Sesamoid bones are typically found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect.典型的籽骨被发现存在于有肌腱包绕的关节处，比如手部膝部足部。
功能是保护肌腱和增加机械应力。
4.The pons is a structure located on the brain stem. It is rostral to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum.脑桥是位于脑干内的组织。
它位于髓质喙部，中脑尾部，小脑腹部。
5.The neuron consists of a cell body (or soma) with branching dendrites (signal receivers) and a projection called an axon, which conduct the nerve signal.神经元进行神经信号是由一个树突的细胞体和一个叫轴突的突出组成。
6.If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, for example, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a cross-section of a mushroom cap at the center of the brain.如果我们将脑从中间切一半，我们会切断胼骶体纤维。