25
1畅计算下列极限:(1)lim x →0sin ωx x ; (2)lim x →0tan 3x
x
;(3)lim x →0sin 2x sin 5x
;
(4)lim x →0x cot x ;(5)lim x →0
1-cos 2x
x sin x
;
(6)lim n →∞
2n
sin x
2
n (x 为不等于零的常数).解 (1)当ω≠0时,
lim x →0
sin ωx x
=lim x →0ω·sin ωx ωx =ωlim x →0sin ωx ωx =ω;当ω=0时,
lim x →0
sin ωx
x
=0=ω,故不论ω为何值,均有lim x →0
sin ωx
x
=ω.(2)lim x →0tan 3x x =lim x →03·tan 3x 3x =3lim x →0tan 3x
3x
=3.(3)lim x →0
sin 2x
sin 5x =lim
x →0
sin 2x 2x ·5x sin 5x ·25=
25lim x →0sin 2x 2x ·lim x →05x sin 5x =25
.(4)lim x →0x cot x =lim x →0
x sin x ·cos x =lim x →0x
sin x ·lim x →0
cos x =1.(5)lim x →01-cos 2x x sin x =lim x →02sin 2
x x sin x =2lim x →0sin x
x =2.(6)lim n →∞
2n
sin x
2
n =lim n →∞sin
x 2
n x
2
n ·x =x .
2畅计算下列极限:
(1)lim x →0(1-x )1
x ; (2)lim x →0(1+2x )1
x ;(3)lim x →∞1+x x
2x ;
(4)lim x →∞1-1
x
kx
(k 为正整数).解 (1)lim x →0(1-x )1
x =lim x →0[1+(-x )]1
(-x )
(-1)
=e
-1
.
(2)lim x →0(1+2x )1
x =lim x →0(1+2x )1
2x 2=e 2
.(3)lim x →∞1+x
x
2x =lim x →∞
1+
1
x
x
2
=e 2
.
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(4)lim x →∞1-1
x
kx
=lim x →∞1+1
(-x )
(-x )(-k )
=e
-k
.
倡
3畅根据函数极限的定义,证明极限存在的准则Ⅰ′.
准则I ′ 如果(1)g (x )≤f (x )≤h (x ),x ∈U 。
(x 0,r ),(2)lim x →x 0
g (x )=A ,lim x →x
0
h (x )=A ,那么lim x →x
0
f (x )存在,且等于A .证 橙ε>0,因lim x →x
0
g (x )=A ,故愁δ1>0,当0<|x -x 0|<δ1时,有|g (x )-A |<ε,即
A -ε<g (x )<A +ε,
(3)
又因lim x →x
0
h (x )=A ,故对上面的ε>0,愁δ2>0,当0<|x -x 0|<δ2时,有|h (x )-A |<ε,即
A -ε<h (x )<A +ε.
(4)
取δ=min {δ1,δ2,r },则当0<|x -x 0|<δ时,假设(1)及关系式(3)、(4)同
时成立,从而有
A -ε<g (x )≤f (x )≤h (x )<A +ε,
即有|f (x )-A |<ε.因此lim x →x
0
f (x )存在,且等于A .注 对于x →∞的情形,利用极限lim x →∞
f (x )=A 的定义及假设条件,可以类似地证明相应的准则Ⅰ′.
4畅利用极限存在准则证明:(1)lim n →∞1+
1
n
=1;(2)lim n →∞
n 1n 2
+π+1n 2+2π+…+1
n 2+n π
=1;(3)数列2,2+2,2+2+2,…的极限存在;(4)lim x →0n
1+x =1;(5)lim x →0
+
x 1x
=1.证 (1)因1<1+
1n <1+1
n ,而lim n →∞1=1,lim n →∞1+1n
=1,由夹逼准则,
即得证.
(2)因
n
n +π≤n 1n 2+π+1n 2+2π+…+1n 2+n π≤n 2
n 2+π
,而lim n →∞n n +π=1,lim n →∞n
2
n 2
+π
=1,由夹逼准则,即得证.
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(3)x n +1=2+x n (n ∈N +
),x 1=2.
先证数列{x n }有界:
n =1时,x 1=2<2;假定n =k 时,x k <2.当n =k +1时,x k +1=
2+x k <2+2=2,故x n <2(n ∈N +
).
再证数列{x n }单调增加:因 x n +1-x n =
2+x n -x n =2+x n -x 2
n 2+x n +x n =-(x n -2)(x n +1)
2+x n +x n
,
由0<x n <2,得x n +1-x n >0,即x n +1>x n (n ∈N +
).
由单调有界准则,即知lim n →∞x n 存在.记lim n →∞
x n =a .由x n +1=2+x n ,得x 2
n +1=2+x n .
上式两端同时取极限: lim n →∞x 2
n +1=lim n →∞
(2+x n ),得
a 2=2+a 痴 a 2
-a -2=0痴a 1=2,a 2=-1(舍去).
即lim n →∞
x n =2.注 本题的求解过程分成两步,第一步是证明数列{x n }单调有界,从而保证数
列的极限存在;第二步是在递推公式两端同时取极限,得出一个含有极限值a 的方程,再通过解方程求得极限值a .注意:只有在证明数列极限存在的前提下,才能采用第二步的方法求得极限值.否则,直接利用第二步,有时会导出错误的结果.
(4)当x >0时, 1<n
1+x <1+x ;
当-1<x <0时,
1+x <n
1+x <1.
而lim x →01=1,lim x →0
(1+x )=1.由夹逼准则,即得证.(5)当x >0时,1-x <x 1x
≤1.而lim x →0
+
(1-x )=1,lim x →0
+
1=1.由夹逼准则,即得证.
1畅当x →0时,2x -x 2
与x 2
-x 3
相比,哪一个是高阶无穷小?解 因为lim x →0(2x -x 2
)=0,lim x →0
(x 2
-x 3
)=0,lim x →0x 2
-x 3
2x -x 2=lim x →0x -x
2
2-x
=0,所以当x →0时,x 2
-x 3
是比2x -x 2
高阶的无穷小.
2畅当x →1时,无穷小1-x 和(1)1-x 3
,(2)
12
(1-x 2
)是否同阶?是否等价?。