第7章美国文学7.1 复习笔记I. A General IntroductionII. FictionIII. PoetryIV. DramaI. A General Introduction (简要介绍)1. The history of American literature is comparatively short, roughly about 200 years.美国文学的历史很短，大约200年。
2. Many famous writers have earned great fame in the world, such as Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser, and Ernest Hemingway.很多著名作家已赫然立于世界文坛之上。
例如惠特曼、马克·吐温、西奥多·德莱赛和欧内斯特·海明威。
II. Fiction (小说)1. America did not have its fiction until Washington Irving.美国的小说从华盛顿·欧文开始。
2. American contemporary literature has continued to undergo healthy development in producing new forms and new language.美国的现代文学继续健康发展，不断涌现出新的形式和新的语言。
3. In 1990s, American literature takes much newer directions and varieties in quality.20世纪90年代，美国文学呈现出很多新的趋势和种类。
4. There appeared some famous fiction writers in American literature.美国文学史上出现了很多著名的小说家。
(1) Washington Irving (1783—1859) (华盛顿·欧文)①Regarded as the “father of American literature”, Washington Irving was the first American to achieve international literary reputation.②His most famous story “Rip Van Winkle”helps Irving earn great fame in the literary world.①华盛顿·欧文是第一个在国际上享有盛誉的美国作家，被称为“美国文学之父”。
②他最著名的故事是“瑞普·凡·温克尔”，使欧文在文学界获得很高的名望。
(2) Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804—1864) (纳撒尼尔·霍桑)①Hawthorne is a famous American writer in romantic fiction and a pioneer in psychological description.②His most famous novel is The Scarlet Letter.①霍桑是美国浪漫主义小说的著名作家，也是心理描写方面的先驱。
②他最著名的小说是《红字》。
(3) Mark Twain(1835—1910) (马克·吐温)①Mark Twain is an outstanding realistic writer in the history of American literature.②The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered his masterpiece.③Mark Twain is a humorist and he made a great contribution to connecting American folk humor and serious literature.①马克·吐温是美国文学史上杰出的现实主义作家。
②《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是他的代表作。
③马克·吐温是一位幽默作家，在美国民间幽默和文学结合方面做出来突出的贡献。
(4)Theodore Dreiser(1871—1945) (西奥多·德莱赛)①His earliest novels include Sister Carrie(1910).②The American Tragedy is his masterpiece.①他的早期小说有《嘉莉妹妹》(1910)。
②《美国悲剧》是他的代表作。
(5)Ernest Hemingway( 1899—1961) (欧内斯特·海明威)①Among the Nobel Prize winners in literature, Hemingway is the most influential both in America and in Europe.②He wrote The Sun Also Rises, Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea which earned him a Nobel Prize.①在诺贝尔文学奖获得者中，海明威是在美国和欧洲最具有影响力的作家。
②他的作品有《太阳照常升起》，《永别了，武器》，《丧钟为谁而鸣》和《老人与海》，其中，《老人与海》获得了诺贝尔文学奖。
III. Poetry (诗歌)1. Walt Whitman started the real American poetry. Whitman influenced a number of poets, domestic and abroad, such as Hopkins, Yeats, Eliot, Frost and Pound.沃尔特·惠特曼开始了真正的美国诗歌。
惠特曼影响了很多国内外的诗人，包括霍普金斯，济慈，艾略特，弗罗斯特和庞德。
2. During the post-war period, American poetry varied greatly and flourished. Many societies of poetry were established, such as the Beat poets, New York poets, Natural Mysticisms, and black poets.战后，美国诗歌发展多样化。
许多诗歌团体建立，比如垮掉派诗人，纽约诗人，自然神秘主义和玄学派诗人。
3. There appeared some famous poets in American literature.美国文学史上出现了一些著名的诗人。
(1) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807—1882) (亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗费罗)①Henry Wadsworth Longfellow introduced European culture to Americans, and in turn spread American folklore in Europe.②American readers liked his lyrical style and subjects as home, family, nature and religion. He was the most popular poet in the late 19th century America.①亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗费罗把欧洲文学介绍到美国，同时也把美国的民间文学传播到欧洲。
②美国读者喜爱他的抒情方式和家庭，自然和宗教的主题。
他是19世纪美国文学上最受欢迎的诗人。
(2) Walt Whitman (1819—1892) (沃尔特·惠特曼)①Whitman is remembered for his poems The Leaves of Grass.②Whitman was one of the great innovators in American literature. He devised free verse, which is a new beginning of American poetry.①惠特曼的代表作是《草叶集》。
②惠特曼是美国文学史最具有创新意识的诗人。
他发明了自由诗，被认为是美国诗歌的新开始。
(3) Robert Frost (1874—1963) (罗伯特·弗罗斯特)①His famous poems are Mending Wall, The Road Not Taken, etc., and his collection of poems A Boy’s Will.②Frost’s verse became part of a great tradition and he has had a great influence on young poets of several generations.①他的著名诗作有《修墙》，《未选择的路》，他的诗歌集有《一个男孩的意志》。
②弗罗斯特的诗成为了传统的一部分，他对年轻一代诗人的影响非常大。
IV. Drama (戏剧)1. In 1906 there opened the New Theatre in Chicago which marked a welcome to encourage experimental drama.1906年，新剧院在芝加哥成立，标志着鼓励实验性戏剧的开始。
2. After World War I, the plays by O’Neill reflected the upsurge of the American theatres and O’Neill became America’s foremost playwright.一战后，奥尼尔的戏剧反映了美国剧院的高潮，奥尼尔成为美国最重要的戏剧家。
3. There appeared some famous playwrights in American literature.美国文学史上出现了一些著名的戏剧家。