Chapter 12 Early American JazzI. jazz music (吸收了众多黑人音乐风格－拉格泰姆、布鲁斯、进行曲甚至法国圆舞曲) （P270 1）-- Early jazz music first appeared in the Southern city of New Orleans at the end of the 19th century. It was a blend of folk music, work chants（劳动号子）, spirituals（黑人圣歌）, marches （进行曲）and even European classical music. A defining mark of this early New Orleans jazz was that a group of musicians improvising their notes in changing chords around a specific melodic line.（早期新奥尔良爵士乐风格的一大突出特点是，一组爵士乐师使用“集体即兴法”，围绕某一集体旋律使用不同和弦即兴演奏出不同的音调。
）All jazz bands use such instruments as a trumpet(喇叭,小号), a clarinet(竖笛, 单簧管, 黑管), a trombone(长号), violin, and percussion(打击乐器) instruments like the drum, banjo(班卓琴,五弦琴)，guitars, cymbal（铙钹náo bó）, bells(钟琴), hollow wooden blocks（凹形的木块）, chimes(铁琴). Jazz developed into the 1920’s with two different styles, namely, the Chicago style jazz and the New York style, each style having its own foremost jazz musicians.*As a musical form, it initially performed and appreciated by African-Americans. It becomes generally accepted by people from all walks of life because 1) it appeals to the young and the rebellious 2) it became modified and softened for more sensitive “ears”(爵士乐被广为接受之后，这种音乐已被修改，并使其听来更为温和，以满足那些过于1/2 “挑剔”的听众的要求。
)*wind instrument/band 管乐器/队stringed instrument弦乐器（string band弦乐队）percussion instrument/ band 打击乐器/队II. Blues--Blues refers to a type of slow, sad music from the Southern U.S., from the city of New Orleans. The Blues is derived from a blend of field chantey （田间劳动号子）and spiritual（黑人圣歌）—a form of hymn singing prevalent（流行的）in African-American Christian churches. The tradition of the vocal ballad （民谣演唱方式）, usually accompanied by a guitar, also contributed to the blues form. The music of the blue has a peculiar, poignant sadness. The lyrics(抒情歌词) of the blues pieces, are sardonic filled with wry（嘲弄的，讽刺的）, self-deprecating（自贬的）humor.III. Louis Armstrong（路易斯·阿姆斯特朗）---Born in New Orleans in 1901, Louis Armstrong learned to play the cornet (短号)since hischildhood. After an apprenticeship in several bands in New Orleans, he joined a jazz orchestra in Chicago, where he set the style later identified as the Chicago style. In 1924, he went to New York where he was involved in small groups to record music. He organized two recording groups known as the Hot Five(“五人热派”乐队) and the Hot Seven（“七人热派”乐队）and made a series of recordings which reflected the Roaring(喧闹的)Twenties life in Chicago. Armstrong’s career as a jazz musician continued well into the 1930’s and the 1940’s with his motion picture appearances (在电影中出现). He is now remembered as America’s foremost jazz musician.IV. Ragtime Music（拉格泰姆音乐）－Ragtime music refers to a type of piano music of black U.S. origin, popular in the 1920s. Originally based on tunes for marching bands, ragtime music is marked by a syncopated melodic line with a regular accented bass.（其主要特点是弹奏主旋律时大量使用切分法，赋予音乐一种很强的节奏韵味）During the course of music, the beat pattern frequently shifts from 2/4 to 3/4. Ragtime music has been popularized by such composers as Scott Joplin whose “Maple Leaf Rag”(《枫叶拉格泰姆》)published in 1896 was hailed as the first popular ragtime tune, still listened to with pleasure by all jazz fans.V. Earl Hines （海恩斯伯爵）---U.S foremost jazz pianist. Born in Pittsburgh(匹兹堡（美国的钢铁工业中心）), Pennsylvania, Earl Hines joined Louis Armstrong in 1927 and became his long lasting collaborator. Hines was musically inventive in the sense that he had developed a trumpet style of playing the piano. In 1928, he recorded his solo “A Monday Date”, which exhibits an inventiveness that w as years ahead of time. During the 1920s in Chicago, Hines also led his own jazz band, and strongly influenced many other jazz pianists.VI.Boogie Woogie(布基伍基乐曲)---Boogie woogie refers to a piano music style in jazz music, which emerged in Chicago in the late 1920’s and 1930’s. Boogie woogie acquired its name with the “Pine Top’s Boogie”in 1928. It has a distinctive rocking bass（低音）figure.However, it was Jimmy Yancey who standardized the style to a 12 bar（分节）blues melodic line （主旋律）with 8 beats to the bar.（吉米·杨瑟把将这种风格规范化，将主旋律定为每行12小节，每小节8拍）. Like ragtime, boogie woogie is represented by specific pieces of music（许多具体的乐曲都有这样的风格）as well as an approach to nearly any tune(也是一种几乎适合于任何曲调的方法), and a boogie woogie piece was in the repertoire (保留曲目) of every jazzband of the 1930’s.。