机床整体控制专家系统及智能柔性驱动编程方案-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIANAdaptive fuzzy logic controller for DC–DC convertersExpert Systems with ApplicationsThis paper introduces a complete design method to construct an adaptive fuzzy logic controller (AFLC) for DC–DC converter. In a conventional fuzzy logic controller (FLC), knowledge on the system supplied by an expert is required for developing membership functions (parameters) and control rules. The proposed AFLC, on the other hand, do not required expert for making parameters and control rules. Instead, parameters and rules are generated using a model data file, which contains summary of input–output pairs. The FLC use Mamdani type fuzzy logic controllers for the defuzzification strategy and inference operators. The proposed controller is designed and verified by digital computer simulation and then implemented for buck, boost and buck–boost converters by using an 8-bit microcontroller.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Basic design of adaptive fuzzy logic controller3. Adaptation algorithm for the fuzzy logic controller4. Computer simulation of the AFLC5. Implementation of the AFLC with microcontroller6. ConclusionCommissioning of textor CC, the new TEXTOR control system and first operating experiencesFusion Engineering and DesignThe old TEXTOR control systems have successfully been updated. The machine control has replaced by textor CC, a solution based on the software package WinCC produced by Siemens. WinCC, and therefore textor CC, can be easily integrated with the already available Siemens S5/S7 hardware components. This new system has the advantage that it is based on industrial soft- and hardware , the lifetime of the control system is extended and the maintenance effort is reduced. The installation and commissioning of the new control system was done in parallel to TEXTOR operation. During this time each function was tested and compared with the actual TEXTOR data. All functionality of the former control system was step-by-step replaced. Special attention was given to the visualization, data and error logging. The machine control timing system has been replaced by an in house development in partnership with Siemens. It consists of transmitters and receivers based on PROFIBUS modulesand is fully compatible with the pre-existing timing infrastructure. The old programmable function generator (PFG) has been replaced by compact RIO modules, controlled and programmed by Labview. This new PFG system allows to program up to 84 different time dependent signals. In this paper we intent to present a more detailed overview of our, on WinCC-based work, and a first status report on this new control system for TEXTOR. Article Outline1. Introduction2. Replacement of critical items. Old S3 PLC-components. Programmable function generator. Timing2.3.1. Code generation2.3.2. Modules2.3.3. Software, Step7, WinCC3. textor CC4. Conclusion and outlookReferencesApplication of PLC to dynamic control system for liquid He cryogenic pumping facility on JT-60U NBI systemThe control system of the cryogenic facility in the JT-60 NBI system has been replaced by employing the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system. The original control system was constructed about 20 years ago by specifying the DCS (Distributed Control System) computer to deal with 400 feedback loops. Recently, troubles on this control system have increased due to its age-induced deterioration. To maintain the high reliability of the cryogenic facility, a new control system has been planned with the PLC and SCADA systems. Their attractive features include high market availability and cost-effectiveness, however, the use of PLC for such a large facility with 400 feedback loops has not been established because of insufficient processing capability of the early PLC. Meanwhile, the recent progress in the PLC enables to use the FBD (function block diagram) programming language for 500 function blocks. By optimizing the function blocks and connecting them in the FBD language, the feedback loops have beensuccessfully replaced from DCS to PLC without a software developer. Moreover, an oscillation of the liquid He level, which often occurs during the cooldown mode of the cryopumps, can be automatically stabilized by easily adding a new process program in the PLC. At present, the new control system has worked well.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Cryogenic facility for NBI system3. PLC based control system. Design concept. Construction of PLC based control system4. Operational results5. SummaryReferencesThe ECAL online software in the commissioning of the CMS detectorNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated EquipmentThe Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a crystal homogeneous calorimeter made of about 76 000 lead tungstate crystals.The detector was installed in the CMS experimental cavern in 2007 and 2008 and was commissioned with cosmic rays and with LHC beams in 2008.The trigger and data acquisition system of the CMS ECAL comprises 35 000 Front End ASICs and 170 Off Detector VME Boards. The operation of the system, performed by the ECAL online software, requires the configuration of O(107) parameters and the realtime monitoring of O(105) registers.In this paper we discuss the design and architecture of the ECAL online software and its performances in cosmic ray runs and with the first LHC beams.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Architecture of the CMS ECAL DAQ system3. Role and performances of the ECAL online software in the commissioning of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter4. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsCurrent sharing of paralleled DC–DC converters using GA-based PID controllersWe demonstrate a concept for pulse-width modulation (PWM) control of a parallel DC–DC buck converter, which eliminates the need for multiple physical connections of gating/PWM signals among the distributed converter modules. The proposed control concept may lead to easier distributed control implementation of parallel DC–DC converters and distributed power systems.For equipment with significant power requirement, the traditional single power supply may not be adequate. Many power supplies with parallel regulation control can be used to solve this problem. This paper proposes a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to control paralleled DC–DC buck converters and current sharing is achieved. A genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to derive optimal or near optimal PID controller gains. Both simulations and experimental results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis through an experimental prototype of paralleled DC–DC buck converters.Article Outline1. Introduction2. A GA-based PID controller design3. Stability analysis4. Experimental results. Simulation results. Experimental results5. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsIntegrated modeling and control of a PEM fuel cell power system with a PWMDC/DC converterPower Sources A fuel cell powered system is regarded as a high current and low voltage source. To boost the output voltage of a fuel cell, a DC/DC converter is employed. Since these two systems show different dynamics, they need to be coordinated to meet the demand of a load. This paper proposes models for the two systems with associated controls, which take into account a PEM fuel cell stack with air supply and thermal systems, and a PWM DC/DC converter. The integrated simulation facilitates optimization of the power control strategy, and analyses of interrelated effects between the electric load and the temperature of cell components. In addition, the results show that the proposed power control can coordinate the two sources with improved dynamics and efficiency at a given dynamic load.Article OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction2. Modeling of a fuel cell stack, air supply and thermal circuit. PEM fuel cell stack2.1.1. Model improvement for the stack2.1.2. Parameters and simulation. Air supply system. Thermal system. Controls for the air and coolant flow rate3. DC/DC converter4. Power control of the PEM fuel cell system with the DC/DC converter5. Integration and simulation6. ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesInterleaved soft-switched active-clamped L–L type current-fed half-bridge DC–DC converter for fuel cell applicationsInternational Journal of Hydrogen EnergyIn this paper, an interleaved soft-switched active-clamped L–L type current-fed half-bridge isolated dc–dc converter has been proposed. The L–L type active-clamped current-fed converter is able to maintain zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of all switches for the complete operating range of wide fuel cell stack voltage variation at full load down to light load conditions. Active-clamped circuit absorbs the turn-off voltage spike across the switches. Half-bridge topology maintains higher efficiency due to lower conduction losses. Soft-switching permits higher switching frequency operation, reducing the size, weight and cost of the magnetic components. Interleaving of the two isolated converters is done using parallel input series output approach and phase-shifted modulation is adopted. It reduces the input current ripple at the fuel cell input, which is required in a fuel cell system and also reduces the output voltage ripples. In addition, the size of the magnetic/passive components, current rating of the switches and voltage ratings of the rectifier diodes are reduced.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Operation and steady-state analysis3. Design, performance and simulation results4. Conclusion and summaryAppendix. Converter designReferencesDevelopment and commissioning results of the KSTAR discharge control system The Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) control system has been developed as a network-based distributed control system composed of several sub-systems. There are many local control systems for various sub-systems, and the central control system includes discharge control, machine control, and safety interlocks which aim for integrated control of the entire system. We have chosen the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) as the middleware of the KSTAR control system because EPICS provides a software framework to integrate heterogeneous systems. The discharge control system, which is implemented in a part of the supervisory control system, performs the discharge sequence execution. The plasma control system,which has been implemented with general atomics and modified for KSTAR, is involved in the discharge control. The plasma control system performs real-time plasma control algorithms and provides the results of the control algorithms to the magnet power supplies. We are using a reflective memory-based real-time network for communication between the plasma control system and the magnet power supplies, thus we developed a fully digital control for the magnet power supplies. We have implemented the discharge control system with state notation language (SNL) in EPICS and also developed interface software among the sub-systems. We will present the details of the development of the KSTAR discharge control system and commissioning results.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Discharge control system3. Implementations4. The results of commissioning and operationAcknowledgementsReferencesBeam-commissioning study of high-intensity accelerators using virtual accelerator modelIn order to control large-scale accelerators efficiently, a control system with a virtual accelerator model was constructed. The virtual accelerator (VA) is an on-line beam simulator provided with a beam monitor scheme. The VA is based upon the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) and is configured under the EPICS input/output controller (IOC) in parallel with a real accelerator (RA). Thus, the machine operator can access the parameters of the RA through the channel access client and then feed them to the VA, and vice versa. Such a control scheme facilitates developments of the commissioning tools, feasibility study of the proposed accelerator parameters and examination of the measured accelerator data. This paper describes the beam commissioning results and activities by using the VA at the J-PARC 3-GeV rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS).Article Outline1. Introduction2. EPICS control system and the VA. EPICS control system. Construction of VA system3. Beam commissioning by the VA. Betatron tune. Chromaticity. Commissioning tool for injection line. BPM polarity. Optics correction4. Discussion5. SummaryAcknowledgementsThe commissioning and the first operational experiences of the CMS RPC detector control system at LHCThe CMS Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) system consists of 912 double-gap chambers. The challenging constrains on the design and operation of this system imposed the development of a complex Detector Control System to assure the operational stability and reliability of a so large and complex detector and trigger system . The final layout and functionality of the CMS RPC DCS as well as the operational experience during the detector's commissioning and first phase of LHC operation are presented here.Article Outline1. Introduction2. The RCS low-level layers: description and performances. The RPC power supply system. RPC environmental and front-end electronics monitoring. Gas and external systems monitoring3. The RCS software layers. RCS supervisor architecture. The RPC supervisor GUI4. Commissioning with cosmic rays and pp collisions5. ConclusionsSoftware architecture awareness in long-term software product evolution Systems and SoftwareSoftware architecture has been established in software engineering for almost 40 years. When developing and evolving software products, architecture is expected to be even more relevant compared to contract development. However, the research results seem not to have influenced the development practice around software products very much. The architecture often only exists implicitly in discussions that accompany the development. Nonetheless many of the software products have been used for over 10, or even 20 years. How do development teams manage to accommodate changing needs and at the same time maintain the quality of the product In order to answer this question, grounded theory study based on 15 semi-structured interviews was conducted in order to find out about the wide spectrum of architecture practices in software product developing organisations. Our results indicate that a chief architect or central developer acts as a ‘walking architecture’ devising changes and discussing local designs while at the same time updating his own knowledge about problematic aspects that need to be addressed. Architecture documentation and representations might not be used, especially if they replace the feedback from on-going developments into the ‘architecturing’ practices. Referring to results from Computer Supported Cooperative Work, we discuss how explicating the existing architecture needs to be complemented by social protocols to support the communication and knowledge sharing processes of the ‘walking architecture’.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Architecture, knowledge, and awareness. Software architecture. The role of the software architect. Software product evolution and architecture. Knowledge management. Awareness in software engineering3. Research methodology. Grounded theory. Interviews. Analytic process. Confidence4. The companies and their architectural practice. Interviewees and organisation profiles. The presence of software architecture5. Analysis of interviews. Architecture: who needs it and at what level. Documentation5.2.1. Code base as actual documentation5.2.2. The absence of a document. Architecture knowledge acquisition: how newcomers learn the architecture 5.3.1. Discussion with a chief architect5.3.2. Intermixed with programming5.3.3. Learning by doing. The role of a chief architect5.4.1. Controlling and communicating architecture within a development team 5.4.2. Updating the ‘walking architecture’5.4.3. Interfacing to outward. Communication about changes5.5.1. Meeting5.5.2. Nightly builds and testing5.5.3. Concurrent versions system (CVS) and subversion repository5.5.4. Rich IDE5.5.5. Code review5.5.6. Wiki. Evolution and changes. The problems of the practitioners6. Discussion. Architecture awareness is achieved through ‘walking architecture’ practices. Good reasons for bad documentation. How to promote architecture awareness7. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesTime delay control for fuel cells with bidirectional DC/DC converter and battery International Journal of Hydrogen Energy氢能源的电池组及其电子配件交流直流转化与驱动Transient behavior is a key property in the vehicular application of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells.A better control technology is constructed to increase the transient performance of PEM fuel cells. A steady-state isothermal analytical fuel cell model is constructed to analyze mass transfer and water transport in the membrane. To prevent the starvation of air in the PEM fuel cell, time delay control is used to regulate the optimum stoichiometric amount of oxygen, although dynamic fluctuations exist in the PEM fuel cell power. A bidirectional DC/DC converter connects the battery to the DC link to manage the power distribution between the fuel cell and the battery. Dynamic evolution control (DEC) allows for adequate pulse-width modulation (PWM) control of the bidirectional DC/DC converter with fast response. Matlab/Simulink/Simpower simulation is performed to validate the proposed methodology, increase the transient performance of the PEM fuel cell system and satisfy the requirement of energy management.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Fuel cell system model. PEM fuel cell stack. Airflow system. Hydrogen flow system3. Flow control. Feedfoward control. TDC3.2.1. TDC compensator design3.2.2. TDC observer design4. Bidirectional DC–DC converter. Bidirectional DC/DC converter topology. Dynamic evolution control (DEC)5. Simulation results and analysis6. ConclusionAcknowledgementsA control-theoretic approach to the management of the software system test phaseA quantitative, adaptive process control technique is described using an industrially validated model of the software system test phase (STP) as the concrete target to be controlled. The technique combines the use of parameter correction and Model Predictive Control to overcome the problems induced by modeling errors, parameter estimation errors, and limits on the resources available for productivity improvement.We present an example of the technique applied to data from the execution of the STP of a commercial software development effort at a large software manufacturer. The example shows that the control technique successfully achieves the schedule and quality objectives despite uncertainty in the estimation of the model parameters. Article Outline1. Introduction. Contributions. Organization2. Related work. Software testing. Software process control. Software process modeling. Software cybernetics3. State model of the STP4. Problems of modeling. Errors in the model. Errors in the parameters5. Control objectives6. A model predictive control approach. Retrain the model. Linearize the model about the nominal trajectory. Discretize the linearized model. Solve an optimal control problem with the discretized model. Implement the control suggestions7. Benefits of optimal control with constraints8. Choosing the cost matrices9. An illustrated example10. Applying the approach in practice11. Parameter identification. The original calibration algorithm11.1.1. Estimating ζ and ξ11.1.2. Estimating x011.1.3. Re-estimating x011.1.4. Re-estimating ζ and ξ. An alternative calibration algorithm11.2.1. Simulation11.2.2. Pre-fit data smoothing. Assessment of the technique12. Conclusions and future workAcknowledgementsReferences5 kW级 DC/DC converter for hydrogen generation from photovoltaic sources 五千瓦直流整流/稳压逆变器/变压器在氢能与太阳能发电站的运用This paper covers the design of a DC–DC power converter aimed for hydrogen production from photovoltaic sources. Power conditioning for such application is usually driven by different constraints: high step-down conversion ratio is required if the input voltage of such equipment has to be compatible with photovoltaic sources that are connected to grid-connected inverters; galvanic isolation; high efficiency and low mass. Taking into account those factors, this work proposes a push–pull DC/DC converter for power levels up to 5 kW. The operation and features of the converter are presented and analyzed. Design guidelines are suggested and experimental validation is also given.Article OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction2. DC/DC converter: operation principle and features. PV and electrolyser electrical models. DC/DC converter design3. Application of a specific development. Initial specifications: photovoltaic array and electrolyser. Device selection. Input and output filters: calculations and realisation. Magnetic design: transformer and inductors. Driving and PWM control circuits4. DC/DC converter simulations and experimental results5. ConclusionsControl and data flow structural testing criteria for aspect-oriented programs Essential communication practices for Extreme Programming in a global software development teamSoftware Technology全球软件开发团队开发超大型程序的交流沟通平台的实践评估We conducted an industrial case study of a distributed team in the USA and the Czech Republic that used Extreme Programming. Our goal was to understand how this globally-distributed team created a successful project in a new problem domain using a methodology that is dependent on informal, face-to-face communication. We collected quantitative and qualitative data and used grounded theory to identify four key factors for communication in globally-distributed XP teams working within a new problem domain. Our study suggests that, if these critical enabling factors are addressed, methodologies dependent on informal communication can be used on global software development projects.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Background and related work. Global software development and requirements engineering practices. Extreme programming. Extreme programming case studies3. Research method4. Team and project description. Team factors. Process factors. Project factors. Project outcome5. Conjectures and recommendations. A definitive customer role for requirements management activities. Bridgehead. Short, asynchronous communication loops. Process visibility and control6. Case study limitations7. ConclusionAcknowledgementsAppendix A. Appendix. Project-specific questionsComparison of control schemes for a fuel cell hybrid tramway integrating twodc/dc convertersInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy氢发电电流转化附件选用与集成方案的对比分析This paper describes a comparative study of two control schemes for the energy management system of a hybrid tramway powered by a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) and an Ni-MH battery. The hybrid system was designed for a real surface tramway of 400 kW. It is composed of a PEM FC system with a unidirectional dc/dc boost converter (FC converter) and a rechargeable Ni-MH battery with a bidirectional dc/dc converter (battery converter), both of which are coupled to a traction dc bus. The PEM FC and Ni-MH battery models were designed from commercially available components.The function of the two control architectures was to effectively distribute the power of the electrical sources. One of these control architectures was a state machine control strategy, based on eight states. The other was a cascade control strategy which was used to validate the results obtained. The simulation results for the real driving cycle of the tramway reflected the optimal performance of the control systems compared in this study. Article OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction2. Description of the tramway3. Fuel cell–battery hybrid system. Degree of FC–battery hybridization. Fuel cell. Battery. FC converter. Battery converter. Tramway loads. Braking chopper4. Control strategies for EMS of tramway . State machine control strategy. Cascade control strategy5. Simulation results6. ConclusionAcknowledgements。