第一讲 名词和冠词语法项目(一)名词 [考纲解读·定方向]语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格，以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。
短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。
解答有关名词的题目时，一定要注意名词前的修饰成分，如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等，来判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词；有的还要结合语境分析句子成分，来判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。
如何确定填单复数、所有格还是派生为名词[思考趋向]1．填名词的单复数若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。
2．填名词的所有格提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。
3．派生为名词[典例感悟][典例1](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.解析：invitations invitation“邀请”是可数名词，其前有several修饰，应用复数形式。
[典例2](2019·湖南师大附中模拟)This could be ________ (Mary) motto——the expression that best captures her spirit.解析：Mary's 此题考查名词的所有格，根据语境应该表示“玛丽的格言”。
[典例3](2017·浙江卷11月)Of course you have to work at it.You wouldn't think that a few ________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life，and that's also true for building your vocabulary—you have to keep at it daily，and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.解析：months 考查名词的数。
根据空前的a few及month为可数名词可知，此处表示“几个月的锻炼”，故用month的复数形式。
[典例4](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________(educate)．解析：education 根据空格前的修饰语定答案。
前面由形容词性物主代词her(她的)修饰，故用educate的名词形式，education是不可数名词。
名词单数变复数的技法 牢记名词变复数的5种变化形式[实例体验]1．(2018·浙江卷6月)Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese ________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.解析：dishes [考查名词的数。
dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式dishes。
]2．(2018·福州期末)A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.Surrounding the Forbidden City，many were built during the Yuan，Ming and Qing ________ (dynasty)．解析：dynasties [考查名词的数。
根据该句中的“Yuan，Ming and Qing”可知，此处指三个朝代，dynasty为可数名词，故用其复数形式。
]3．(2017·浙江卷6月)Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.解析：carrots [carrot是可数名词，根据a handful of“一把”可知，应用其复数形式。
] 4．(2020·江西重点中学盟校联考)________ (tomato) and potatoes took some time to become popular.解析：Tomatoes [and连接并列主语，由potatoes可知tomato应用复数形式。
]5．(2020·四川龙泉模拟)They may let you surf the Internet，listen to music and take ________ (photo) wherever you are.解析：photos [take photos意为“拍照”。
]6．(2020·湖北宜昌葛洲坝中学月考)Not only have the fables themselves lived for nearly 1,500 years，but ________ (express) from them have entered various languages.解析：expressions [句意：不仅这些寓言本身存在了近1 500年，而且里面的一些词语已经被收录到各种语言中了。
设空处表示“词语”之意，在句中作主语，需用名词形式；根据设空处后的have entered可推知设空处需用名词复数形式，故填expressions。
] 7．(2019·福建厦门期末)The 17thcentury philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon declared that nothing had changed the world more deeply than three great ________ (invention)：gunpowder，printing and the compass.解析：inventions [句意：17世纪的哲学家兼政治家弗朗西斯·培根宣称：任何东西都不如火药、印刷术和指南针这三项伟大的发明对世界造成的变化大。
根据设空处前的three可知设空处填名词复数形式。
]8．(2019·河北五个一名校联盟二模)The site is constantly updated with news，often about exciting ________ (finding) that change how we view the world.解析：findings [考查名词的数。
finding 为可数名词，其前无限定词修饰，且定语从句中谓语动词为“change”，为复数概念，所以应用finding的复数形式。
][重点强化]规则名词的6种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加s mouth→mouths以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词在词尾加esglass→glassesmatch→matches以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词变y为i再加escountry→countriesfactory→factories 以元音字母＋y结尾的名词在词尾直接加＋sholiday→holidaysmonkey→monkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加s有些在词尾加esphoto→photospotato→potatoes一般要变f或fe为v＋esself→selves wolf→wolves以f，fe结尾的名词少数直接加s belief→beliefs 牢记不规则变化的名词复数形式[实例体验]1．(2019·福建高三质检)“Alaya，you don't have to do this if you don't want to.Nobody is forcing you.”Though I said I wasn't going to do it，my ________ (foot) carried me toward the pool.解析：feet [由空格前的my确定空格处应填名词。
由常识可知应是我的双脚带着我朝一个池塘走去，故应填foot的复数形式feet。
]2．(2019·江西重点中学协作体联考)Now，these ________ (child) may have a hightech friend to help feel less alone.解析：children [由空格前的these确定空格处应填child的复数形式children。
]3．(2019·山西省实验中学模拟) ________ (woman) are starting to take power in more and more important positions in recent years.解析：Women [由空格后的are确定空格处应用woman的复数形式women作主语。
][重点强化]不规则名词的3种复数变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deer ，sheep ，means ，series ，Chinese ，Swiss ，aircraft ，spacecraft 变内部元音foot →feet ，tooth →teeth ，man →men ，woman →women外来名词medium →media 媒体phenomenon →phenomena 现象analysis →analyses 分析 派生出来的名词[实例体验]1．(2019·衡水期末)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires ，Asia's biggest building ，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me ，pandas are its top ________ (attract)．解析：attraction [空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用名词形式。