1.Macro-environment: 宏观经济环境
2.Porter’s diamond: 波特的钻石模型(研究国家竞争力)
3.Porter’s five forces: 波特的五力模型
4.Industry: 行业
5.Sector: 部门,领域
An industry is a group of firms selling the same principal product or products which are close substitutes. A sector extends the idea of industry into the public services.
6.Convergence:集中,趋同
7.SWOT: SWOT模型
8.Opportunity: 机会
9.Threat: 威胁
10.Strength: 优势
11.Weakness: 劣势
petitor: 竞争者
13.Product life cycle: 产品生命周期
14.Strategic group: 战略组群
15.Segmentation: 细分
16.Demand condition (also called diamond condition)需求条件,又称钻石条件
17.Factor conditions 有利因素状况
18.Related and supporting industries 相关和支持性行业的存在
19.Firm strategy, structure and rivalry 企业战略、结构和同业竞争
20.Threat of new entrants 新进入者的威胁
21.Barrier to entry 进入壁垒
22.Power of supplier 供应商力量
23.Customer 客户
petitive rivalry between existing firms 现存企业间的竞争对手
25.Substitute product 替代产品
26.Value chain 价值链
27.Support or secondary value activities 辅助活动
28.Primary value activities 基本活动
29.Firm infrastructure 企业基础设施建设
30.Human resource management 人力资源管理
31.Technology development 技术开发
32.Procurement 采购
33.Inbound logistics 进货后勤
34.Operations 生产经营
35.Outbound logistics 发货后勤
36.Marketing and sales 市场营销
37.Service 服务
38.Margin 利润
39.Improved performance and added value 提升业绩和增加价值
40.Improved understanding of environmental pressure 更加深刻理解周边环境压力
41.Improved competitive position 提升竞争李
42.A creative process of change 创造性的变化过程
43.A target to motivate and improve operations 促进和改进营运的目标
44.Increased rate of organizational learning 提升组织学习程度
45.Functional structure 职能结构
46.Divisional structure (product division, geographical division)事业部结构(产品事业部、地区事业部)
47.SBU (strategic business unit)战略业务单元
48.Matrix organization 矩阵组织
49.Co-ordinated decisions and better management control, therefore less sub-optimizing (协调决策和管理控制,减少次优决策)
50.Conformity with overall objectives –goal congruence is more likely to be achieved(有助于整体目标的一致性)
51.Standardization (标准化)
52.Balance between functions, divisions, etc (在职能、事业部之间取得平衡)
53.Economy of scale (规模经济)
54.Top managers become better decision makers (高级管理层成为更好的决策者)
55.Speedier central decisions may be made in a crisis –delegation can be time-consuming. (遭遇危机可以较快决策应对)
56.Those of lower rank experience reduce job satisfaction. (底层员工缺乏工作满意度)
57.Senior management do not possess sufficient knowledge of all organizational activities. (高级管理层不大可能掌握组织内方方面面活动的足够知识)
58.Centralization places stress and responsibility onto senior management.(集权制使高层领导承担较大压力和责任)
59.Subordinates experience restricted opportunity for career development toward senior management positions. (下属员工向上发展的职业机会有限)
60.Decisions often take considerable time. (决策往往花费较多之间)
61.Strategic apex 战略顶点
62.Techno structure 技术结构
63.Operating core 作业核心
64.Middle line 中间层
65.Support staff 支持性人员
66.Ideology 思想体系、意识形态
67.Risk acceptance 风险接受
68.Risk avoidance 风险规避
69.Risk mitigation 风险缓释
110.Risk transfer 风险转移
111. Operational risk 操作风险
112.Political risk 政治风险
113.Country risk 国家风险
114.Project risk 项目风险
115.Legal/compliance risk 法律/合规风险
116. Commodity risk 产品风险
117.Market risk (foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk)市场风险(汇率风险、
利率风险)
118.Liquidity risk 流动性风险119.Credit risk 信用风险
110.Strategic risk 战略风险
111.Reputation risk 声誉风险112.Risk appetite 风险偏好
113.Risk attitude 风险态度
114.Risk tolerance 风险容限
115.Financial instrument 金融工具116.Derivatives 衍生品
117.Hedging 对冲/套期
ting 净额
119.Forward contract 远期合约120.Swap 掉期/互换
121.Options 期权
122.Call options 看涨期权
123.Put options 看跌期权
124.Futures 期货
125.Exercise price 行权价格
126.Elapse 失效、逾期
127.Expire 到期
128.Maturity 到期日
129.Spot rate 即期汇率
130.Forward rate 远期汇率
131.Premium/discount 升水/贴水132.Interest rate 利率133.Exchange rate 汇率
134.Floating rate 浮动利率
135.Fixed rate 固定利率。