小学英语笔记一．英语国际音标元音音素：（20个）单元音：/ɑ:// ʌ//ɔ:/ /ɒ// ɜ://ə//i:/ /ɪ//u:/ /u/ /e// æ /双元音：/eɪ//aɪ//ɔɪ//ɪə//eə//ʊə//əʊ//aʊ/辅音音素：（28个）轻辅音/p/ / t/ / k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð//z/轻辅音/ʃ/ / h/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/浊辅音/ʒ/ / r/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/鼻音/m/ /n/ /ŋ/半元音/ j/ / w/边音/ ǀ/同音词：sun 太阳son 儿子aunt 阿姨aren’t不是right对的write写meet遇见meat肉pair对pear梨for 为 four 四be 是bee蜜蜂hi喂high 高的here 这里hear听see 海洋see看见I 我eye眼睛know 知道no 不our 我们的hour 小时father父亲farther更远的week 星期 weak弱there那边their她们的too也two二to到by 乘bye 再见buy买二．词型变化：1．名词加复数的变化规则：1）一般名词后加“s”: book—books2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加es:bus-buses,box-boxes ,watch-watches3）以“o”结尾的名词：①有生命的加“es” potato—potatoes 土豆，tomato—tomatoes西红柿，hippo—hippoes河马，hero—heroes 英雄,,mango—mangoes 芒果②无生命的加“s”：photo—photos 相片， radio—radios收音机，zoo—zoos 动物园4）以“y”结尾的名词：①元音字母+y 直接加“s”：boy-boys②辅音字母+y，去掉y，再加ies:family-families,city-cities 5）以f/fe结尾的名词，去掉f/fe,再加ves:knife—knives，leaf—leaves叶子特殊的：•一加，二改，三不变•一加：children oxen•二改： foot-feet tooth-teeth woman-women man-men •三不变：sheep, deer, people, Chinese, Japanese2．不可数名词（不能在名词后面直接加“s”）bread tea rice milk chicken coffee orange pork porridge paper glue juice sugar tofua piece of bread ,a cup of tea有些名词以复数形式clothes ,chopsticks ,trousers ,jeans ,pants ,scissors (be动词要用复数形式are)3．名词所有格1.表示有生命所有格的+’s：Tom’s bag ,mother’s friend2.复数的在后面直接加’s:boys’bags ,Teachers’Day3.表示两者分别有：Lucy’s and Lily’s bags表示两者共有：Lucy and Lily’s bag (名词单数)4.无生命的用“of”连接：a map of China 一幅中国的地图2动词第三称单数形式的变化规则：1）一般动词后加“s”,get-gets,look-looks2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词后加“es”,guess—guesses ,watch—watches,wash—washes 3）以“o”结尾的动词加“es”,do—does,go—goes4）以“y”结尾的动词①元音字母+y,直接加“s”:play—plays②辅音+y,去掉y,再加“ies”：fly—flies5）h ave第三人称单数：has3现在分词的变化规则（即动词+ing）1）一般动词后+ing: listen—listening2）以不发音e结尾的动词，去掉e,再加ing: make—making ,come—coming ,practice—practicing特殊：see—seeing,be—being3）重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母，再加ing: run—running,get—getting ,put—putting ,swim—swimming ,sit—sitting,cut—cutting,stop—stopping ,shop—shoppin g, begin—beginning ,forget—forgetting4动词过式的变化规则：1）一般动词后加ed :walk—walked, help—helped2）以e结尾直接加d: use—used,live—lived3）以y结尾的动词：i.元音字母，直接+ed,play—playedii.辅音字母+y,去掉y,再加ied,carry—carried4）重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母，再加ed.stop—stopped,shop—shopped,drop—dropped,clap—clapped 动词过去式不规则形式：am/is—was,are—were,do/does—did,have/has—had,go—went,write—wrote,come—came,see—saw,ride—rode, drink—drank,eat—ate,sing—sang,sit—sat,say—said, break—broke,get—got,forget—forgot,run—ran,swim—swam, sweep—swept,fall—fell,take—took,feel—felt,make—made, send—sent,buy—bought,bring—brought,find—found,fly—flew tell—told,teach—taught,catch—caught,draw—drew, give—gave,meet—met,know—knew,lose—lost,smell—smelt,sleep—slept,begin—began,think—thought,hold—held 动词与动词过去式一样cut—cut,put—put ,read—read,let—let,hurt—hurt, 三．数词基数词序数词缩写形式one first 1sttwo second 2ndthree third 3rdfour fourth 4thfive fifth 5thsix sixth 6thseven seventh 7theight eighth 8thnine ninth 9thten tenth 10theleven eleventh 11thtwelve twelfth 12thtwenty twentieth 20thtwenty-one twenty-first 21st百位数：用and连接（百位与十位）101：a hundred and one112: one hundred and twelve千位数：千-百-（and）-十位-个位1235：one thousand two hundred and thirty-five1.基数词变序数词的顺口溜基变序，有规律，词尾加上th ；一，二，三特殊记，词尾字母t,d,d；八减t,,九减e,f来把ve替，单词ty结尾，ty变成tie，若是碰到几十几，只变个位就可以。

2.时间表达方法：a half 一半 a quarter 十五分past和to表示“几点几分”的用法：A:分钟数在30分钟内：分钟数+past+钟点数，表示“几点过几分”如：9：20=twenty past nineB:分钟数超过30分钟：（60-分钟数）+to +(下一个钟点数）。

表示“差几分几点”如： 9：50（差10分10点）：ten to ten3.年月日两种表达方法2011，1，10 January (the) 10th,2011the tenth of January ,2011四．冠词• A. a B. an C. the D . / (零冠词)•a/an 不定冠词, 表泛指+ 可数名词单数A. a + 辅音音素 a book a table a useful book / ju:/B: an + 元音音素（元音：a e i o u /ju:/an umbrella /ʌ/ an hour /au/ an honest boy /ɔ/一个诚实的男孩There is a ” U” in the world useful .There is an “F” in the world farmer .an a / e / i / o / f / h / l / m / n / r / s / xC: 定冠词the1.表特指The man in red is my teacher .2.名词第二次出现This is an English book .The book is mine .3.乐器类名词前play the piano play the violin4.形容词最高级前the tallest boy5.序数词前the first 第一the second 第二the third 第三6.the +姓s the Smiths 史密斯一家人或史密斯夫妇7.世界独一无二的名词the son the moon the earth8.the + 特定的开容词，表示一类人the rich 富有的人the old 老人D．零冠词1.球类，棋类名词前不用冠词play football play chess2.三餐have breakfast have lunch have supper3.固定搭配at night 晚上at noon 中午4.季节、月份、星期前不加冠词五．形容词• 1.概念•用来表述人或物的特征的词。

• 2.用法•1) 形容词+名词•2)be动词+形容词•3)感官类动词（系动词look看起来，sound听起来，smell闻起来,taste尝起来,feel感觉）+形容词• 3.形容词原级、比较级、最高级1) 一般形容词直接加er，est•small-smaller-smallest2) 以字母e结尾的单词直接加r，st•large-larger-largest3) 重读闭音节结尾的双写结尾辅音字母再加er或est（辅音+元音+辅音）•fat-fatter-fattest ，thin-thinner-thinnest4) 辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i再加er或est•happy-happier-happiest5) 不规则变化•good/well-better-best•many/much-more-most•ill（病的）/bad(badly)-worse-worst•little（少的）-less-least6) 多音节的形容词，在前面直接加more或most•beautiful， more beautiful，most beautiful 一些副词：slowly-more slowly-most slowly4.形容词比较级和最高级的用法1)比较级用于两者的比较基本的句式：a)Which…,…or…?Which is bigger ,an elephant or a hippo ?b)be+比较级+than+其它I’m taller than you ?2)最高级的用法，用于三者或三者以上的比较构成：the +最高级+表示范围内的短语（in…,of…）I am the shortest in my class .He is the oldest of the three boys .Who is the youngest Tony ,Jenny or Lisa ?最高级之前一定加上“the”3)原级：不比较，只说特征as +形容词原级+as …，与……一样, not as … as … ,as expensive as 一样贵 as tall as 一样高六．句型转换1．陈述句改一般疑问句变化规则a.句子中有be动词（is ,are,was,were）把be动词放在句首，其余照写。