雅思阅读讲义1．关键词（1）转折But:Computerised data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paperless office, but contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating.The risks of nuclear accidents may be tiny, but when they happen they can be catastrophic.Yet:The Aborigines made no use of Leptospermum or Dodonaea as food plants, yet the early settlers found that one could be used as a substitute for tea and the other for hops.However:Form the mid-1990s when the Green revolution began, Asian food production doubled through a combination of high-yielding crops, expanded farming area and greater intensification .However, a mysterious threat is emerging in the noticeably declining yields of rice.In factQuite a few candidates are disturbed by the rumour that IELTS is going through big changes .In fact ,it appears nothing ever happened.whereasWhereas her country has plenty of oil, ours has none.On the other hand:Some people think that changes can be exciting, thrilling and adventuresome .On the other hand ,changes can also bring about life-threatening disasters.Etc.(2)让步Although:Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, chaos could easily result.While:While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quantity of food.While much work has been done on the development of power sources for water pumping, for many people in rural Africa the use of human energy is only option.Albeit:For many previously inexperienced young women, the opportunity to gain financial independence, albeit limited and possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their societies.Despite:Despite the great progress made in the recent decades, the achievement of the goal of clean water for all is still along way off.Etc.(3)并列A and BThe modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of narrow, dark streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the taxicabs and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.A---, B---, and C---Selecting the right person for the job involves more than identifying the essential or desirable skills ,educationaland professional qualifications necessary to perform the job and then recruiting the candidate who is most likely to possess these skills or at least is perceives to have the ability and predisposition to acquire them.A rather than BMany people stay at jobs they are too old for rather than meet possible rejection.Etc.(4)递进Furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, etc.:The advantages of concrete include low capital cost and durability .Furthermore, concrete barriers can be engineered for a variety of site conditions.In addition to normal banking and financial services, credit unions usually provide special services for international students.(5)过程，顺序First, then, next, later on, finally:I really feel sorry for my friend Jack .First he lost his job .Then somebody stole his car .Latter on his girlfriend left him .like they say it never rains, but it pours.Firstly ,secondly, thirdly,…In the first place ,in the second place ,…Then, once, before, after, as soon as, until, etc.(6)特殊的关键词（人名、地名、时间、数字和生词）是最好的定位标志，以A-----A 的形式重现。

（7）比较as…as, like, similar ,parallel ,etc:As a general rule, international students should expect to spend at least as mush on monthly living expenses during the summer as they do during the academic year.Like his father President Bush is a republican.Scribner and Cole regard classroom learning as parallel to learning in daily life.More than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast with, etc:It is far easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God. “The extra money that tourism bring in more than makes up for the inconvenience of its citizens,” retorted the president.In contrast with your belief that we will fail, I am confident we will succeed.Before/once…Now…Between 11 and 15 million salmon once spawned in the Columbia river system. Now there are only 3 million. In place A…In place B…Those Aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable for their vegetable foods on seed such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts. They ground these seeds between flat stones to make a coarse flour. Tribes on the coast, and particularly in the vicinity of coastal rainforests, had a more varied vegetable diet with a higher proportion of fruits and tubers.(8)举例For example, for instance, such as, like, etc.A For example=:=---BPaper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees.(9)精读各段的首句（10）因果关系大因果：Because, in that, as since, etc.Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels.How do you know it, since you do not speak English?So (that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently, etc.He wrote a famous book, and so won a place in history.小因果：Bring about:Increased air temperature has brought about higher sea levels.Cause:One of London Zoo’s recent advertisement caused me some irritation.Lead to:Necessity led to Experimentation.Pose:The high cost of oil poses serious problem for industry.Contribute to:The advertising campaign has contributed significantly to the success of the new car.Create:God created the world.Result in/from:Eating contaminated food resulted in his illness.His illness resulted from eating contaminated food.Help:Cutting the hefty subsidies that go to the world’s coal producers would help tilt the world’s energy balance toward natural gas.Attribute A to B:His success can be attributed to hard working.Precipitate:The border incident precipitated the two countries into war.Underlie:I think a lack of confidence underlies his aggressive manner.Affect:A higher price greatly affected demand for electricity.Take advantage of:Government could take advantage of today’s low oil prices to build their own stocks.Etc.(3)IELTS阅读判断题讲义1．P：The term of formal learning is used to refer to all learning which takes place in the classroom, irrespective of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. Informal learning on the other hand is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom.Q: Informal learning takes place outside the classroom.2. P: Research in Britain has shown that “green consumers”continue to flourish as a significant group amongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood.Q: The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.3.P: The traditional images of the “male breadwinner” and “female housewife and mother” may be breakingdown among females but this process is occurring more slowly among males.Q: Men accept changing perceptions of traditional gender roles more slowly than women do .4.P: The underlying assumption in creating the General Assembly was that the airing of disputes amongnations could contribute to the pacific settlement of those disputes as well as to peaceful changes in the international system.Q: The founders of the UN felt that debating in the General Assembly could help solve disputes.5.P: It has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of an arrest only if responsesare in the order of 1-2minutes after a call is received by the police .when response times increase to 3-4 minutes –still quite a rapid response – the likelihood of an arrest in substantially reduced.Q: A response delay of 1-2 minutes may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.6.P: No city can be simply a port but must be involve in a variety of other activities .The port function of thecity draws to it raw materials and distributes them in many other forms .Ports take advantage of the need for breaking up the bulk material where water and land transport meet and where loading and unloading coats can be minimized by refining raw material or turning them into finished goods .The major examples here are oil refining and ore refining, which are commonly located at ports. It is not easy to draw a line around what is and is not a port function. All ports handle, unload, sort alter, process, repack and reship most of what they receive. A city may still be regarded as a port city when it becomes involved in a great range of functions not immediately with ships or docks.Q: Ports attract many subsidiary and independent industries.7.P: The Australian flora, together with the fauna, supported the Aboriginal people well before the arrival ofEuropeans. The Aborigines were not farmers and were wholly dependent for life on the wild products around them. They learned to eat, often after treatment, a wide variety of plants. The conquering Europeans displaced the Aborigines, killing many, driving others from their traditional lands, and eventually settling many of tribal remnants on government reserves, where flour and beef replace nardoo and wallaby as staple foods. And so, gradually the vast store of knowledge, accumulated over thousands of years by the Aborigines, fell into disuse. Much was lost.Q: Most of the pre-European Aboriginal knowledge of wild foods has been recovered.8.P: As domestic markets are opened up to international competition and quotas（定额）which restricted thequantity of imports from any one country are abandoned ,cheap, subsidized foreign imports are threatening the livelihood of many women small producer and entrepreneurs in “cottage industries”.Q: The opening up of domestic markets has greatly benefited cottage industries.9. P: Women also have less job security and fewer opportunities for promotion. Higher status jobs, even inindustries which employ mostly women, tend to be filled by men.Q: Men are invariably preferred to women when it comes to promotion.10.P: Research into the validity of selection methods has consistently demonstrated that the unstructuredinterview is a poor predictor of future job performance and fares little better than more controversial methods like graphology and astrology.Q: Graphology is a good predictor of future job performance.11.P: Most of the port city’s population is engaged in providing goods and services for the city itself. Tradeoutside the city is its basic function. But each basic worker requires food, housing, clothing and other such services.Q: Most people in a port city are engaged in international trade and finance.12.P: Almost all the 200 fisheries monitored by the FAO are fully exploited. One in three is depleted or heavilyoverexploited, almost all in the developed countries.Q: Approximately one third of depleted fishing grounds are in developing countries.13.P: Even in wet areas once teeming with frogs &toads, it is becoming less and less easy to find those slimy,hopping and sometimes poisonous members of the animal kingdom.Q: Frogs and toads are usually poisonous.14.P: As well as scores of cinemas and theatres throughout the city suburbs. There are numerous clubs whichappeal to people of all ages, and cater for all tastes. Pubs are the venue for smaller modern bands, while the big-name popular music artists, both local and international, attract capacity audiences at the huge Entertainment Center in the heart of the city.Q: The Entertainment Center is only for international poplar music artists who attract large audiences. 15.P: Long excluded from many paid job and thus economically dependent on husbands or father, paidemployment has undoubtedly brought economic and social gains to many women. For many previously inexperienced young women, the opportunity to gain financial independence, albeit limited and possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their societies and prescriptions on women’s behavior.Q: Unemployment men generally encourage their wives to work.16.P: In addition, women usually have to continue their unpaid domestic and caring work, such as of children,the sick and the elderly, which is often regarded as women’s “natural” and exclusive responsibility. Even when they have full-time jobs outside the home, women take care of most household tasks, particularly the preparation of meals, cleaning and child care. When women become mothers, they often have no option other than to work part-time or accept home work.Q: Working mothers are generally able to provide their children with a better education.17.P: The 57square kilometer Sydney Harbor is one of the largest in the world, and famous for theunmistakable 134-meter high arch of the Harbor Bridge and the graceful sails of the Opera House.Q: Sydney Harbor is the largest in the world.18.P: The tourists come mainly from Europe.Q: Tourists come mainly from the UK.19.P: Educational standards in schools have been gradually improving.Q: Educational standards are not as unsatisfactory as they used to be.20.P: In fact, there is some evidence that as our computer-based weather models have become moresophisticated, the predicted rises in temperature have cut back.Q: At the same time that computer-based weather models have become more sophisticated, weather forecasters have become more expert.21.P: The primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security was assigned to theSecurity Council. Based on the assumption that the five major military contributors to victory in World War Ⅱ--the United States, the USSR, Great Britain, France and China –could reach unanimity on the question of peace in the postwar world.Q: Since the war the Security Council has been able to achieve unanimity on peace.(4)READING PASSAGEQuestions 17-25Do the following statements agree with information in the Reading Passage? WriteTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passageThe term formal learning is used in this paper to refer to all learning which takes place in the classroom, irrespective of whether such learning informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. Informal learning onthe other hand is used to refer to leaning which takes place outside the classroom.These definitions provide the essential, through by no means sole, difference between the two modes of learning .Formal learning is decontextualised from daily life and, indeed, as Scribner and Cole (1973:553) have observed, may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those nurtured in practical daily life .A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities which are not closely paralleled by activities outside the classroom. The classroom can prepare for draw on, and imitate the challenges of adult life outside the classroom .But it cannot, by its nature, consist of these challenges.In doing this, language plays a critical role as major channel for information exchange. ‘Success ‘in the classroom requires a student to master this abstract code .As Bernstein(1969:152) noted ,the language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle-class families than that used by working-class families. Middle-class children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the classroom than their working-class peers.Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learning immediately relevant. In this context, language does not occupy such an important role: the child’s experience of learning is more holistic, involving sight, touch, and smell-senses that are under –senses that under-utilised in the classroom.Whereas formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child’s socialization. Adults or older children who are proficient in the skill or activity provide-sometimes unintentionally-target models of behaviour in the course of everyday activity .Informal learning , therefore, can take place at any time and is not subject to the limitations imposed by institutional timetabling.The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two modes of learning .The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval, social status, and potential financial reward. The informal learner, however, tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial acquisition of adult status.Given that learning systems develop as a response to the social and economic contexts in which they are embedded .it is understandable that modern, highly urbanized societies have concentrated almost exclusively on the establishment of formal education systems .What these societies have failed to recognize are the ways in which formal learning inhibits the child’s multi-sensory acquisition of practical skills. Wolthorpe(1973:23) speculates that the failure to provide a child with a holistic education may in part account for many of the social problems which plague our societies.17. Informal learning takes place outside the classroom.18. Scribner and Cole regard classroom learning as parallel to learning in daily life.19. Language dose not occupy as important a role in informal learning as it dose in formal learning.20. In quoting Bernstein, the author implies that working-class children are disadvantaged by the language used in the classroom.21. Formal learning excludes the use of sight, touch, taste and smell.22. Classroom teachers do not provide models of adult behaviour .23. Adults and older children always seek to provide target models of behaviour for younger children.24. The informal learner is generally more highly motivated than the formal learner.25. There may be a link between the absence of holistic education in modern urbanized and the incidence of social problems in these societies.(5)READING PASSAGESection 1Every culture has its own distinctive conventions from a largely unquestioned base to the culture’s systems of primary, secondary, and tertiary education.In one culture, students may be encouraged to collaborate with their fellow students, while in another culture this activity may be prohibited. In some societies, students are discouraged from asking questions, while in others they may be required to do so as part of their formal assessment .In some counties, a university lecturer Provides students with all the information that they are required to learn; in others, students are required to collect data independently.A student who undertakes study in a foreign country is faced with a different set of culture-specific conventions.Often these differences are significant enough to require adjustments in learning style and attitudes to knowledge.Section ⅡDiversity exists not only between cultures, but also within a single culture. In most British primary and secondary schools, for example, the teacher is the primary provider of required information and rote learning plays an important role in the acquisition of this information .British school leavers who then proceed to university face a new set of academic norms and expectations .Although memorization is still required, far greater emphasis is placed on the critical evaluation of received information. As they progress through tertiary education, these requirements broaden to include the need to speculate and develop independent research.Section ⅢThe analysis of writing by student from different cultures suggests that the thinking and writing process is a culture-specific phenomenon .The ability to write well in one language does not necessarily guarantee an equivalent competence in another language ,irrespective of an individuals grammatical proficiency in that language .Although most researchers would agree that writing and thinking are culture-specific phenomena, considerable controversy has been aroused by attempts to provide cognitive profiles for specific cultures .An American study which analysed the way in which students from different cultural backgrounds structured a paragraph of factual writing argued that at least five cognitive profiles could be distinguished.One profile common to a number of Asian cultures was characterized by an indirect approach to the topic .The paragraph’s initial sentences provided background information which led to a concluding sentence in which the main point was described without an explicit judgment.A second profile was associated with writers of Arabic background. The distinctive feature of this profile wasparallelism –ideas were elaborated through repetition and variation.In contrast to these profiles, the so-called English profile was characterized by a linear movement from a central idea expressed in a summary sentence to an expansion and examples.Slavonic and southern European profiles were seen to be similar to the English pattern, differing only in their tolerance of greater diversion from the central point.Section IVIt may be argued that a similar diversity of cognitive and rhetorical style also exists between academic disciplines. Although standard models for writing reports exist in both chemistry and physics, an adequate physics report may not satisfy the requirements of the chemistry`sub-culture`.The departments of tertiary institutions generally publish study guides which provide detailed writing guidelines.These list the rhetorical, referencing and formatting conventions required by each discipline. Before submitting any written work, students are advised to consult appropriate guides and ensure that their written assignments conform to expectations.Section VThere are, in short three levels of cultural adjustment which face the overseas undergraduate student: adjustment to a different culturally based learning style; adjustments associated with the move from secondary to tertiary education; and the adjustments related to entry into a specific disciplinary sub-culture.Questions 4-16The following passage is a summary of Culture and Learning on pages 31-33. Decide which word or phrase should go in each gap and then write the letter in the space provided. Write only one letter in each space. Note that there are more phrases than gaps. The fist one has been done for you as an example.A.Research I.howeverB.in one school J.knowledge and learningC. differing cultural and educational experiences K.culturally inappropriateD .meet L. a difficultyE .the particular academic sub-culture M.directlyF .adjust N.attitudesG .in the same country O. level of studyH.therefore P. vary greatlySummary of ‘culture and learning’Because our attitudes to ____4_____are conditioned by _____5_____, students who move to study abroad may need to _____6_____their ways of thinking, learning and writing.____7______suggests that students from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds are likely to have developed particular ways of writing about arguments and ideas .These different practices may be _____8_____ if translated _____9_____from one culture and language to another. Lt is not _____10_____possible to generalize about what constitutes the acceptable procedures and practices as these _____11_____ within a single college or university as a result of factors such as discipline and _____12_____.This creates _____13_____ not only for overseas students but also for those who have completed their primary and secondary education _____14_____as that of their tertiary study.Given this situation, students must be aware of the requirements of _____15_____ in which they study and be prepared to ____16______them.PracticeYou are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38 which are based on Reading passage 3.Wild Foods of AustraliaOver 120 years ago, the English botanist J.D.Hooker, writing of Australian edible plants, suggested that many of them were ‘eatable but not worth eating’. Nevertheless, the Australian flora, together with the fauna, supported the Aboriginal people well before the arrival of Europeans. The Aborigines were not farmers and were wholly dependent for life on the wild products around them. They learned to eat, often treatment, a wide variety of plants.The conquering Europeans displaced the Aborigines, killing many, driving others from their traditional tribal lands, and eventually settling many of the tribal remnants on government reserves, where flour and beef replaced nardoo and wallaby as staple foods. And so, gradually, the vast store of knowledge, accumjlated over thousands of years, fell into disuse. Much was lost.However, a few European men took an intelligent and even respectful interest in the people who were being displaced. Explorers，Missionaries, botanists, naturalists and government officials observed, recorded and fortunately in some cases, published. Today we can draw on these publications to form the main basis of our knowledge of the edible, natural products of Australia. The picture is no doubt mostly incomplete ，We can onlyspeculate on the number of edible plants on which no observation was recorded.Not all our information on the subject comes from the Aborigines .Times were hard in the early days of European settlement ,and traditional foods were often in short supply or impossibly expensive for a pioneer trying to establish a farm in the bush .and so necessity led to experimentation just as it must have done for the Aborigines and experimentation led to some lucky results .So far as is known , the Aborigines made no use of Loptosoermum or Dodonaea as food plants ,yet the early settlers found that one could be used as a substitute for tea and the other for hops. These plants are not closely related to the species they replaced, so their use was not based on botanical observation. Probably some experiments had less happy endings; L.J.Webb has used the expression eat, die and learn in connection with the Aboriginal experimentation, but it was discovered independently by the European settlers or their descendants.Explorers making long expeditions found it impossible to carry sufficient food for the whole journey and were forced to rely, in part, on food that they could find on the way .Still another source of information comes from the practice in other countries .There are many species from northern Australia which occur also in southeast Asia, where they are used for food.In general, those aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable foods on seed such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts. They ground these seeds between flat stones to make a coarse flour .Tribes on the coast, and particularly those in the vicinity of coastal rainforests, had a more varied vegetable diet with a higher proportion of fruits and tubers. Some of the coastal plants ,even if they had grown inland, probably would have been unavailable as food since they required prolonged washing or soaking to render them non-poisonous ;many of the inland tribes could not obtain water in the quantities necessary for such treatment .There was also considerable variation in the edible plants available to Aborigines in different latitudes. In general, the people who lived in the moist tropical areas enjoyed a much greater variety, than those in the southern part of Australia.With all the hundreds of plant species used for food by the Australian Aborigines, it is perhaps surprising that only one, the Queensland nut .has entered into commercial cultivation as a food plant .the reason for this probably does not lie with an intrinsic lack of potential in Australian flora, but rather with the lack of exploitation of this potential. In Europe and Asia , for example , the main food plants have had the benefit of many centuries of selection and hybridization , which has led to agriculture and so there was no opportunity for such improvement ;either deliberate or unconscious , in the quality of the edible plants.Since 1788, there has, of course, been opportunity for selection of Australian food plants which might have led to the production of varieties that were worth cultivating .But Australian plants have probably ‘missed the bus’. Food plants from other regions were already so far in advance after a long tradition of cultivation that it seemed hardly worth starting work on Australian species .Undoubtedly, the native raspberry, for example, could ,with suitable selection and breeding programs, be made to yield a high-class fruit ;but Australians already enjoy good raspberries from other areas of the world and unless some dedicated amateur plant breeder takes up the task, the Australian raspberries are likely to remain unimproved.And so, today, as the choice of which food plants to cultivate in Australia has been largely decided, and as there is little chance of being lost for long periods in the bush. Our interest in the subject if Australian food plants tend to relate to natural history rather than to practical necessity__________________________edible: fit to be eatenbotany: the study of plantsQuestions 26-32Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading passage 3? In boxes 26-32 write: YES if the statement reflects the writer’。