Unit1----A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTINGArt is infiuenced by the customs and faith of a people.Styles in Western art have chan ged many times.As there are so many different styles of Western art,itwould be impo ssible to describe all of them in such s short text.Consequently,this text will describe onlythe most ones, starting from the century AD.艺术是受海关和百姓信念影响的。
在西方的艺术风格已经改变了很多次。
尽管有许多不同风格的西方艺术，所以它不能用简单的文字描述。
因此，本文将描述从公元世纪开始最流行的艺术风格。
The middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)中世纪(5到15世纪)Druing the Middle Ages,the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes.A conventional artistof this period was not interesed in showing nature and people as t hey really were.A typical picture at this time wau full of relidious symbols,which creat ed a feeling of respect and love for God.but it was evident that ideas were changing i n the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious sce nes in a more realistic way.在中世纪时期，画家们的主要目的是为了表达宗教主题传统的艺术家想。
这一时期的传统艺术对展现自然和人的本来面目并不感兴趣。
这是一幅典型的图画，充满了宗教的象征，创造了对上帝的尊重和爱。
但很明显，在13世纪，当乔托·迪·邦多内（Giotto di Bondone）等画家开始以更现实的方式描绘宗教场景时，观念正在发生变化。
The Rensssance(15th to 16th century)文艺复兴时期（15世纪到的16世纪）During the renaissance,new ideaa and values gradually replaced those beld in the theMiddle Ages.People began toconcentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanlistis attitude to life.At the same time painters returned to classical Romen and Greek idea about art.Theytride paint people and nature really were.Richpeople want ed to possess their own paintings,so they could decorate their superb palaces and gr eat houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievenments.在文艺复兴时期,新的想法和价值观逐渐取代了举办的中世纪人们开始集中。
人们开始减少对宗教主题的关注，对生活采取更人性化的态度。
与此同时，画家们又回到了古典罗门和希腊的艺术观念。
他们描绘了人类和自然。
富人想拥有他们自己的画，因此，他们可以装饰他们的华丽宫殿，伟大的房子和财产，以及他们的活动和成就。
One of the most important discoveries during this period was hoa to draw things in p erspcctive.This techique was first used by Masaccio in 1428.When people first his pai ntings.这一时期最重要的发现之一是用透视法画东西。
这项技术最早由马萨乔在1428年使用。
当时人们第一次使用他的画。
they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene.If the rules of perpective had not been discovered,no one would have been able to pai nt such realistic pictures.By coincidence,oil paints were liso developed at this time,w hich made the colors ueed in paintings look richer and deeper.Without for new paints ang the new technique,we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.他们确信，他们是从墙上的一个洞里看一个真实的场景。
如果透视法的规则没有被发现，就没有人能画出如此逼真的画。
巧合的是，此时的油画正是liso发展起来的，这使得画中所使用的颜色看起来越来越丰富和深邃。
没有新的绘画和新的技术，我们就看不到这一时期著名的许多伟大的杰作。
Impressinoism(late 19th to early 20th century)印象派(晚19世纪末到20世纪初)In the late 19th cebtury,Europe changde a great deal from a mostly agricultural socity te a mostly industrial one.Many people moved from the countryside to the new citie s.There were many new inventions and social changes.Naturally,these shanges liso le d to new painting styles.Among yhe paingting were the Impressionists,who lived and worked in Paris.19世纪末，欧洲从一个以农业为主的社会转变为一个以工业为主的社会。
许多人从乡下搬到了新城市。
当时有许多新发明和社会变革。
很自然，这些香格里索带来了新的绘画风格，其中包括生活和工作在巴黎的印象派画家。
The Impressionist were the first painters tio work outdoors.They were eager to show hoa light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day.However,because natur aal light changes so quickly,the Impressingists and to paint quickly.Their paintings wer e not as detailed as those of earliers.At first,many people dislikeed this style of painti ng and became very angry about it.They sait that the painters were careless and thei or paintings and their paingtings were ridiculous.印象派画家是第一批在户外工作的画家，他们渴望在一天中的不同时间展示落在物体上的光影。
然而，由于自然光的变化如此之快，印象派画家们又来不及作画。
他们的画不如早期的画细致入微。
起初，许多人不喜欢这种风格的画，对此非常生气。
他们说画家粗心大意，他们的画和他们的痛苦可笑。
Modern Art(20th cebtury to today)现代艺术(20世纪到今天)At the time they were created,the Impressionist paitings were controversial,but toda y they are accepted as the beganning of what we call"modern art",this in because th e Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways.There a re scores of modern art styles,but without Impressionist,many of there painting style s might not exist.on the one hand,some modren art is abstract;that is,the painter doe s not attempt to paint object as we see them with our eyes,but instead concentrateson certain qualities of the oject,using color,line and shape to represent them.On the other hand,some paintings of modren art are so realistic that they look like photogra phs.These styles are so different.Who can predict what painting styles there will be in future?印象派绘画在创作的时候是有争议的，但今天却被认为是“现代艺术”的开端，因为印象派画家鼓励艺术家用新的方式来看待他们的环境。