南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷Final Test For Postgraduate Students of Grade 201XPart I. Vocabulary (20%)a. Choose the word or phrase that is closer in meaning to the underlined one. 1. During the past decades, the international community usually under the auspices of the UnitedNation, has struggled to negotiate global standards that can help us achieve many essential goals. A .With the advance of B. with the addition of C. with the view of D. with the help of 2. The mortality rate of children under five years old is an important indication of the situation of children in a country.A. growthB. birthC. deathD. injury3. The utilities contend that this reduced capacity will result in curtailed service and higher prices some years down the road.A. by the wayB. along the streetC. in the pastD. in the future 4. Stability at that level angurs well for the market, analysts say, while a plunge through it couldspark renewed selling of stocks.A.fallB. hurdleC. leapD. lead5. Most successful companies all over the world have well-established and identifiable lines oforganization.plicatedB. confusingC. recognizableD. formidable6. Milk chocolates have a less pronounced taste of chocolate and they are sweeter than darkchocolate and have a lighter color.A.distinctB. spokenC. articulatedD. uttered7. Prepare yourself for immersion into a diverse learning environment in which you’ll be asked tochallenge your pre-conveived notions about your own identity and abilities. A.rinsing B. drying C. shrinking D. involvement8. With the convenient online shopping services, customers can design and order apparel directlyfrom the virtual shops.A.appliancesB. merchandiseC. utilitiesD. clothes9. Meanwhile, a poll of Wall Street strategists found that not a single pundit was predicting thatAmerican shares would fall this year.A. brokerB. authorityC. shareholderD. scholarship10. The computer will play the pivotal role either in the basic medicine teaching or in the experimental teaching.A.importantB. crucialC. necessaryD. irreplaceableb. ClozeChoose an appropriate word from the box to fill in each of the following blanks. Change the form where necessary. You may not use any of the words in the box more than once.query aerial cognition expression attestrobotics meld cover vital ariseguideline deploy recapitulate endow collectionIn the journal Science, Professor Starkey calls for ethical guidelines to (1)______ all aspects of robotic technology, not just in the home and workplace, but also on the battlefield, where lethal robots such as the missile-armed Predator drones used in Iraq and Afghanistan are already (2)_____ with lethal effect. The US Future Combat System project aims to use robots as “force multipliers” ,with a singlesoldier initiating large-scale ground an (3)______ attacks by a robot droid army. “Robots for care and for war represent just two of many ethically problematic areas that will soon (4)______ from the rapid increase and spreading diversity of robotics appl ications,”Professor Starkey said ,“Scientists and engineers working in robotics must be mindful of the potential dangers of their work, and public and international discussion is (5)_____ in order to set policy guidelines for ethical and safe application before the guidelines set themselves.”The call for controls over robots goes back to the 1940s when the science-fiction author Isaac Asimov drew up his famous three laws of (6)_____.The first rule stated that robots must not harm people; the second that they must obey the commands of people provided them does not conflict with the first law; and the third law was that robots must attempt to avoid harming themselves provided this was not in conflict with the two other laws.Asimov wrote a (7)______ of science fiction series called I, Robot which exploited the issue of machines and morality. He wanted to counter the long history of fictional accounts of dangerous automatons—from the Jewish Golem to Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein—and used his three laws as a literary device to exploit the ethical issuesarising from the human interaction with non-human, intelligent beings. But late 20th--century predictions about the rise of machines (8)______ with superior artificial intelligence have not been realized, although robot scientists have given their mechanical protégés (门客) quasi-intelligent(准智能的) traits such as simplespeech recognition, emotional (9)______ and face recognition.Professor Starkey believe that even dumb robots need to be controlled.“I’m not sugge sting like Asimov to put ethical rules into robots, but to just to have (10)______ on how robots are used ,”he said.“Current robots are not bright enough even to be called stupid. If I even thought they would be superior in intelligence, I would not have these concerns. They are dumb machines not much brighter than the average washing machine, and that’s the problem.”Part II . Reading comprehension(20%)In this part, you will read four passages. You are required to choose the best answer to each question according to the passage and then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blacking the letter in the brackets.Passage OneArchaeology(考古学) is a source of history, not just a humbleauxiliary discipline.Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live---and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changed in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The total sum of these constitute what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contract between archaeologicalhistory and the more familiar kind based upon written records.Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they have no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a Dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may “change the course ofhistory,” but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist’s standpoint. What is perhaps worse,most organic material are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar material conditions. In arelatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to morescraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat bogs deserts, and frozen soil isable to fill a good deal of the gap.1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?A. To point out the importance of recent advances in archaeology.B. To describe an archaeologist’s education.C. To explain how archaeology is a source of history.D. To encourage more people to become archaeologists.2. The word “succinctly” in line 6 is closest in meaning to ____.A. conciselyB. brieflyC. clearlyD. appropriately3. According to the passage, the archaeological record consists of_____.A. spoken words of great historical significanceB. the fossilized results of human activityC. organic materialsD. ephemeral ideas4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of anorganic material?A. stoneB. woolC. grassD. hair5. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses _____.A. techniques for recording oral historiesB. certain battlefield excavation methodsC. some specific archaeological discoveriesD. building materials of the nineteenth and twentieth centuriesPassage TwoThe modern age is age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights,radio,televisions, and televisions that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a powerfailure,people grope about in flicking candlelight,cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic light to guide them,and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet,people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats,it sends out pulses of recorded,they form an electroencephalogram,which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain,too,sends out brain waves ofelectricity,which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.Theelectric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small-often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals,certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When largenumbers of these cells are linked together,the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives (An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts).As many as four-fifth of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity,and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Electric eels are potentially dangerous.B. Biology and electricity appear to be closely related.C. People would be at a loss without electricity.D. Scientists still have much to discover about electricity.2. The phrase “grope about”in line 3 could best be replaced by_____.A. feel aboutB. move aboutC.flickerD.run away3. The author mentions all of the following as results of a blackout EXCEPT ______.A. refrigerated food items may go badB. traffic light do not workC. people must rely on candlelightD. elevators and escalators do not function4. Why does the author mention electric eels?A. To warn the reader to stay away from them.B. To compare their voltage to that used in houses.C. To give an example of a living electrical generator.D. To describe a new source of electrical power.5. It can be inferred from the passage that the longer an eel is the _____ .A. more beneficial it will be to scienceB. more powerful will be its electrical chargeC. easier it will be to findD. tougher it will be to eatPassage ThreeThe difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth.A liquid can be kept in an open container and fills it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but tends todiffuse throughout the space available,it must therefor be kept in a closed container or held by a gravitational field,as in the case of a planet’s atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories describing the phase of matter.In the nineteenth century,for example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be “dissolved” in a vapor without losing its identity,and another theory held that the two phases are made up of different kids of molecules:liquidons and gasons. The theories now prevailing take a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both formsof matter that have no permanent structure and they both flowreadily.They are fluids.The fundamental similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when thetemperature and pressure are raised somewhat. Suppose a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands, or in other words becomes less dense as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of temperature and pressure at which the densities become equal is called the critical point.Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be distinguished;there is single,undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.1. According to the passage,the difference between a liquid and a gas under normal condition on Earth is that the liquid ______.A. is affected by changes in pressureB. has a permanent structureC. forms a free surfaceD. is considerably more common2. It can be inferred from the passage that the gases of theEarth’s a tmosphere atecontained by ______.A. a closed surfaceB. the gravity of the planetC. the field of spaceD. its critical point3. According to the passage,in the nineteenth century’s some scientists viewed liquidonsand gasons as ______.A. fluidsB. dissolving particlesC. heavy moleculesD. different types of molecules4. According to the passage,what happened when the temperature is increased in a closed container holding a liquid?A. the liquid and gas phases become more similar.B. the liquid and gas become less dense.C. the container expands.D. the liquid evaporates out of the container.5. According to the passage, which of the following is the best definition of the critical point?A. When the temperature and the pressure are raised.B. When the densities of the two phases are equal.C. When the pressure and the temperature are combined.D. When the container explodes.Passage FourYou are in a supermarket deciding what you want to buy.The tomatoes and corn look especially delicious,but wait! Do you stop and wonder if these vegetables are genetically modified?Wouldn’t you want to know before you bought them? Should they be labeled so that have the right to choose? What are genetically modified foods? Genes are theblueprints.Scientists can transfer the desirable genes of one organism to another,altering its genetic make-up.Scientists now are routinelyusing genes from bacteria,viruses,insects,fish,and animals to modify food crops.Supporters of genetically modified foods want crops that areresistant to herbicides(除草剂)plant killing chemicals that farmers use to kill unwanted weeds and plants.Supporters also say that these new genetically altered crops,such as corn,potatoes,soy beans are more resistant to certainbacteria,viruses and insects.Other claim that in the future,scientists will develop foods that are nutritious and able to prevent diseases.Opponents of genetically modified foods are worried about the dangers and they list many.They claim that we don’t know what the long-term effects of producing geneticallymodified foods will be,and once changes are made in the genetic structure of organisms,they cnnot be reversed.At the very last,opponents of genetically modified foods want producers and retailers to clearly mark products that containgenetically modified ingredients.Will all the technology result inbetter crops and healthier food?Or is there a risk to humans and environment that should not be ignored?Questions:1. What is the passage mainly talking about?2. Scientists can transfer the describe genes of one organism to another _____.3. What do the scientists use to modify food crops?4. Why do some people support genetic modified foods?5. What are the producers and retailers urged to do by the opponents?Part III .Translation (20%)a. Translate the following paragraph into English.巴斯德通过大量科学实验证明，如果生奶加工时温度超过85?，则其中的营养物质和生物活性物质会被大量破坏，但如果低于85?时，则其营养物质和生物活性物质被保留，并且有害菌大部分被杀灭，有些有益菌却被存留。