Alexandrine：a verse of 12 syllables in 6 iambics with a caesura after the 3rd iambicAllegory: a figurative narrative or description, conveying a veiled moral meaning, an extended metaphor.Alliteration: the repetition of initial consonant sounds in each verse line, usually two alliterating words in the first half-line and one in the second half-line or vise versa.Anapaest(anapest): a metrical foot consisting of 2 short syllables followed by 1 long syllable, or 2 unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable.Ballad: a short narrative poem in rhythmic verse ,often sung by minstrels to the accompaniment of music of the exploits of warriors, the adventures of lovers, mysteries of fairyland, and various humorous incidents.Blank verse: unrhymed verse lines of iambic pentameter.Caesura:a break,a pause about the middle of a metrical line,generally matching a pause in the sense.Canto: a major division in a long poem, similar to a chapter in a novel.Chivalry: the system, spirit, or customs of medieval knighthood and the qualities of the ideal knight such as bravery, honor, protection of the weak and generous treatment of foes.Chronicler: a medieval person who was given the task to record historical incidents pf his time.Comedy of humours: a Comedy created by Ben Jonson in which the prevailing eccentricities and ruling passions of character are exposed to ridicule and satire.Conceit: An elaborate metaphor that compares two dissimilar things to achieve an effect of shock or surprise.Dramatic monologue: a poem delivered in a dramatic manner by a single persona speaker who is not identified with the poet usually to achieve an ironical effect.Elegy: a song or poem of mourning, pervaded by a tone of deep melancholy.Epic: a long narrative poem about men of the aristocratic class involvedin a series of actions that are significant in the development of a nation, usually with a central hero to unify these actions.Fabliau: a short tale in verse lines of octosyllabic couplets, dealing most often with comic incidents in ordinary life.Foot: a metrical unit of 2 syllables.Gleeman: a traveling musician and singer.Gothic novel: tales of macabre, fantastic and supernatural happenings, set in haunted castles,graveyards, ruins and wild landscapes and often with a weak or innocent heroine going through some horrible experiences.Heroic couplet: a pair of rhyming lines of iambic pentameter.Heroic play: a rhymed play created by John Dryden, in which incredible noble heroes and heroines confronting incredible difficult choices between love and honour.Hymn: a song of praise to god.Iambic pentameter: a verse lines of 5feet of the iambic rhythmIambic:a metrical foot consisting of one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one.Trochaic/trochee:a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed onePentameter:a verse line of 5 feetImagism: a 20th-century movement in poetry advocating free verse and the expression of ideas and emotions through clear images.Irony: the use of words to express sth other than or opposite of the literary meaning, and also a humourous or sardonic literary style or form characterised by irony.Kenning: a metaphorical circumlocution signifying a person or thing by a characteristic or quality and delivered in a paraphrasing manner.Legend: a story coming down from the past, especially one popularly regarded as historical through not veritable.Lyric poem: a poetic composition suitable for expressing direct, usually intense personal feelings.Minstrel: a medieval music entertainer.A singer of verse to the accompaniment of a harp.Miracles(miracle plays): a dramatic representation in the Middle Ages of the life of Christ and the saints.Mock epic(mock heroic): a parody in the epic style for ridiculing or burlesquing purposes.Morality play: a medieval allegorical play with characters personifying human qualities.Mystery (mystery play): a dramatic representation in the Middle Ages of the miracles described in the Bible, previously also called miracle play.Octosyllabics: verse lines consisting of 8 syllables of iambic rhythm.Ode: a poem intended or adapted to be sung in the ancient time, but a rhymed lyric poem often of an address in the modern times, with dignified and exalted or simple and familiar subjects.Pastoral poem: a poem of escape into the country pleasures blending the idealization with a more authentic picture of country life, sometimes with shepherds and shepherdesses as characters.Poetic justice: fitting punishment, usually in literature, to the one who's done evil.Picaresque novel: a novel with episodes or incidents loosely strung together by a lowly-born trickster or a picaro.Problem play: a play in which social problems constituting most of the dramatic action with in-depth analyses and often with debates.personal mythology: A system of myths evolved by an individual writerQuatrain: a stanza consisting of 4 lines rhymed in a variety of ways.Romance: a medieval tale based on legend, chivalric love and adventures, or a prose narrative treating imaginary characters involved in heroic, adventurous, or mysterious events remote in time and place.Saga: an ancient Icelandic or Scandinavian tale, relating either historical event or the feats of legendary heroes, or a modern narrative of the experiences of several generations of a distinguished family.Scop:an ancient(medieval)storyteller,singer of songs,musician and entertainer at royal court who also shapes or creates songs.Sequence novel: a novel continuing the course of a narrative begun in the preceeding one.Sonnet: a poem consisting of 14 lines of 10 syllables each in English.(11 syllables Italian and 12 syllables in French)The English sonnet: a sonnet of 14 iambic pentameter lines divided into an octave(8lines) and a sestet (6lines)rhyming abba abba cde cde.The Shakespearian sonnet: a sonnet of 14 iambic pentameter lines divided into a 12-lines unit followed by a 2-line conclusion rhyming abab cdcd efef gg.Stanza: a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.Spenserian stanza: a stanza consisting of 8 verse lines of iambic pentameter and an Alexandrine as the 9th line with a rhyme scheme of ab ab bc bc c.Surrealism: a movement started in Paris in 1924 by A.Breton's Surrealist Wanifesto, a movement influenced by Freud's theories and calling attention in literature and art to the hidden and neglected areas of the human psyche.Tetrameter: a verse line consisting of 4 feet.Three unities: referring to the rules set by Aristotle for tragedy which are observed in Greek tragedies and Neoclassic drama, that is a tragedymust have one single action which takes place within one day and in one place.Topographical poetry: a local poetry focusing on the presentation of landscapes and praising particular parks, estates and gardens.Trimeter:a verse line of 3 feet.Trouver: medieval poets who came to England from France with the Norman conquerors.Utopia: an imaginary and indefinitely remote place of ideal perfection, especially in laws, government, and social condition, the term first appearing with Thomas More's book Utopia.Vision: a didactic poem very popular in the Middle Ages, in which an imaginary world is described and usually through the dream of a character.Romanticism/Romantic Movement: Romanticism is a term applied to the shift in Western attitudes towards art and human creativity that dominated much of European culture in the first half of the 19th century, known as the Romantic movement. It emphasizes freedom of individual self-expression: sincerity, spontaneity, and originality replaced neoclassic mechanical, impersonal, and artificial imitation.。