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英语中的部分否定的表达方式及否定句式常见错误分析

3、这两本书都不是英国出版的。误:Both of the books are not published in England.正:Neitherof the books is published in England.我不同意所有这些方案。误:I don't agree to all theseprojects.正:I agree to none of these projects.或:I don't agree to any of theseprojects.英语中的概括词all, every, both,以及与every构成的合成词,用语否定句式时,只表示部分否定,常译成"并非……都",因此两个错误译句的含义分别为:并非两本书都是英国出版的,并非所有这些方案我都同意。要表达全部否定意义时,英语须用全否定词语,如noneneither, no, nobody, nothing, not…any, not…either等。
英语中的部分否定的表达方式及否定句式常见错误分析
|文章作者:佚名|文章来源:网络|收集整理:嘉兴英语网|更新时间:2007-5-6 |字体:小大|
英语中的部分否定(即不完全否定)有如下一些表示方法:
一、all的否定式:not all…(或:all…not)表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如:
6、这些规章制度多不完善!误:How not perfect the rules and regulations are!正:Howimperfect the rules and regulations are!汉语中的感叹句可用否定式,如:多不光彩呀!多不容易呀!而英语中的感叹句不能用否定式,我们可用反义词或带有否定词缀的词来表示。
I don't want both thebooks.我不是两本书都要。
Both (the) windows are not open.两扇窗子并不都开着。
三、every…的否定式:"不是每……都……"例如:
Not every book is educative. (或:Every bookis not educative.)不是每本书都有教育意义的。
B:I couldn't recite either this poem or this story.
3.特指否定与一般否定的某些混合与交替现象
有些句子形式上是特指否定,可是意思上却是一般否定。例如:
Oliver stopped to make no reply.(=Oliverdid not stop to make a (any)reply.)
7、我认为这不值得一试。误:I think this is not worth trying.正:I don't think this isworth trying.英语中表臆想、猜测的动词think, believe, fancy, expect, guess, imagine,suppose等,如果带有否定的宾语从句,宾语从句中的否定词通常提前,用来否定主句的谓语动词。尤其是think,按习惯用法,否定词只能置于think前。
9、他的设计肯定还没完成。误:He mustn't have completed his design.正:He can't havecompleted his design.对比较有把握的推测,肯定句中用must,而否定句中用can't,对过去的推测,在must和can't后接完成形式。
No two persons think alike.(没有两人想法是一样的。)
1、未经允许,任何人不得入内。误:Anybody can not come in without permission.正:Nobody cancome in without permission."任何……不"是汉语中常用的否定句式,而在英语中与any构成的合成词或被any修饰的词语作主语时,谓语动词不能用否定式,因此any ...not的表达形式不符合英语的习惯。翻译这类句子时须用"否定形式的主语+肯定形式的谓语"。但当any的合成词或any所修饰的词带有后置定语时,谓语可以用否定式,如:干那种事的人都是不诚实的。Anyone who does that isn't honest.
七、not…and…的否定式,被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。例如:
He did not speak clearly andcorrectly.他讲得清楚但不正确。
This film is not interesting and instructive.这部电影有趣但无教育意义。
She cannot sing and dance.她会唱歌但不会跳舞。
8、他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。误:He came here not to ask us for help.正:He did not comehere to ask us for help.否定状语时,英语中的否定词一般不直接置于被否定词语前,通常置于谓语动词前。只有当两个部分加以对比时,即"不是……而是"时,否定词才可直接置于状语前。如:他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助,而是来给我们提供一些信息。Hecame here not to ask us for help, but to give us someinformation.即使在这一结构中,英语还是常把否定词置于谓语动词前。
4、这台车床不能再用了,那台也一样。误:This lathe can not be used any longer, and that onecan't, too.正:This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one cna't either.或:This lathe can not be used any longer, neither (nor) can that one.否定句中的"也"不能译成too,而须用either,或用neither(nor)的倒装句型。
Not everyone likes this book.并非人人都喜欢这本书。
This flower is not seen everywhere.这花并不是随处可见的。
四、always的否定式:"并非总是(并非一直)……"例如:
He is not always so sad.他并不是一直都这样悲伤。
2、听到这个消息后,没有一个人不感到兴奋。误:Having heard the news, nobody did not feel excited.正:Having heard the news, everybody felt excited.汉语中常用"没有+主语+不+谓语"这一双重否定的结构,而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的谓语连用。因此nobody...not的结构不符合英语的表达习惯。翻译这类句子时,(1)可把主语和谓语都改成肯定形式;(2)也可用另一结构的双重否定式:there be +否定的主语+否定形式的定语从句,如:There was nobody who did not feel excited.或:There was nobody butfelt excited.
5、你不必为你的军衔和薪金担心。误:You won't have to worry about rank and pay.正:You won'thave to worry about rank or pay.在肯定句中用and来连接两个并列成分,表示"和",但在否定句中and应改为or,这时否定词对or的前后部分同时加以否定。
He was still not a brilliant controversialist.
You behave as if you were married to her already.You are not married to her already,……
有时,特指否定句和一般否定句可以相互转换,意义彼此相同,但某些词语必须作相应的改变。比较下列各组例句,A句是特指否定,B句是一般否定:
如果将and换成or,not对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。
He did not speak clearly or correctly.他讲的既不清楚也不正确。
如要对上述的all, both, every, always,以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite和all the time等词作完全否定,那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词,如no, none, neither, no one, never, not(never)…at all等。例如:
All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it.
Both are good.---Neither is good.
Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it.
He is always late. --- He is never late.
Not all men can bemasters. (= All men cannot be masters.)并非人人都能当头头。
Not all bamboo growstall.并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。
二、both的否定式:not…both (或:both…not) "并非两个……都……"例如:
No news is goodnews.(没有消息便是好消息。)
第一句中,no的否定范围扩大到全句,整个句子的意思被否定了,应属于一般否定。但第二句中的no,仅限于否定主语,是特指否定。有时,同是一个句子,孤立地去理解字面意义会产生歧义。例如:
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