Module 4 Great Scientists Section Ⅲ Grammar-复习被动语态和by＋v语法图解探究发现①Rice is also grown in many other Asian countries.②Researchers were brought in from all over China to develop the new system.③The research was supported by the government.④In Pakistan rice will be grown in many parts of the country.⑤The new hybrid rice has been developed by the Yuan Longping High­tech Agricultural Company of China.⑥The shop closes at 6：00 pm every day.⑦The apple tastes good.⑧The new produ ct by the company sells well.⑨Open the door by winding the handle.⑩People usually greet each other by shaking hands.[我的发现](1)①句采用了一般现在时的被动语态，其构成形式为：am/is/are＋done。

(2)②③句采用了一般过去时的被动语态，其构成形式为：was/were＋done。

(3)④⑤句分别用了一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态。

(4)⑥⑦⑧句中谓语动词以主动形式表示被动意义。

(5)⑨⑩句中，by＋v.­ing形式表示通过……方式。

一、被动语态被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者，只有及物动词才有被动语态，被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。

1．各种时态的被动语态的构成(1)一般现在时被动语态的构成：am/is/are＋doneBefore you leave the lab，make sure the electricity is turned off and the windows are shut.在你离开实验室之前，要确保电源被切断，窗户被关好。

(2)一般过去时被动语态的构成：was/were＋doneThe foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。

(3)一般将来时被动语态的构成：shall/will＋be＋doneMore space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.中国人民在将来将进行更多的太空探索。

(4)现在进行时被动语态的构成：am/is/are＋being＋doneThey are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt.他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。

(5)过去进行时被动语态的构成：was/were＋ being＋doneAfter school we went to the reading­room to do some reading, only to be told that it was being decorated.放学后，我们去阅览室看书，结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。

(6)现在完成时被动语态的构成：has/have been＋doneLi Hua has been elected monitor of our class to take the place of Ma Li.李华已取代马丽，被选为我班班长。

(7)过去完成时被动语态的构成：had been＋doneWhen we got on the spot of the accident, we were told that the injured had been sent to the nearest hospital.当我们到达事故现场时，我们被告知伤员已经被送往最近的医院。

(8)将来完成时被动语态的构成：will/shall＋have been＋doneOn her next birthday, Ann will have been married for twenty years.到下一次过生日的时候，安结婚就要满二十年了。

(9)含有情态动词的被动语态的构成：情态动词＋be＋doneThe boy feels hot on the forehead, so he must be sent to hospital at once.这个男孩的额头摸起来发热，所以必须被立刻送往医院。

[即时演练1] 用所给词的被动语态填空①(2016·江苏高考改编)More efforts, as reported, will_be_made (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply­side structure reform.②(2015·北京高考改编)—Did you enjoy the party?—Yes，we were_treated (treat) well by our hosts.③(2015·天津高考改编)Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement has_been_reached (reach) so far by the two sides.④(2014·天津高考改编)We won't start the work until all the preparations have_been_made (make)．⑤—Why don't we choose that road to save time?—The bridge to it is_being_repaired (repair)．2．使用被动语态时应注意的情况(1)不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(take place, break out, come true, belong to, date from, happen等)。

A fire broke out in his house yesterday.昨天他家着火了。

(2)含有介词或副词的及物动词短语变为被动语态时，介词或副词不可省略(look after, look for, take care of, put off, break into等)。

The children are taken good care of in the kindergarten.孩子们在幼儿园里被照顾得很好。

(3)带复合宾语(宾语＋宾补)的动词变被动语态时，一般把复合结构中的宾语变成主语，而把宾语补足语(在被动语态中叫作主语补足语)放在动词之后。

We always keep the classroom clean and tidy.→The classroom is always kept clean and tidy by us.我们总是保持教室干净而且整洁。

[名师点津] see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make等感官动词或使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to，但当主动语态变为被动语态时，不定式符号to必须加上。

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.一个姑娘路过时看到我的钱包掉了。

[即时演练2] 完成句子①The game takes_place every four years in a different country.这种活动每四年在不同的国家举行一次。

②Many interesting experiments are_carried_out in our laboratory.我们在实验室做了许多有趣的实验。

③He is_often_heard_to_play the guitar.我们经常听到他弹吉他。

④The old temple dates_from the Ming Dynasty.那座古庙起源于明朝。

3．主动形式表示被动意义的用法(1)某些连系动词，如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等，可用主动形式表示被动意义，因为连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。

That dog looks dangerous.那只狗看起来很危险。

(2)某些可用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的及物动词，如：lock, shut, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, catch, draw, cut，drink，eat等常用主动形式表示被动意义。

这些词后常有副词修饰，如well，easily等。

The cloth washes well and is comfortable to wear.这种布很容易洗而且穿起来很舒服。

(3)need, require, want, deserve等词，当主语为物时，接动名词的主动形式，表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

The flowers need watering or they will die.＝The flowers need to be watered or they will die.这些花需要浇水，否则它们会死。

(4)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

The picture­book is well worth reading.这本图画书很值得一读。

(5)在“主语＋be＋形容词(＋for sb.)＋to do”结构中，句子的主语与构成不定式的动词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。

常见的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, interesting，strange，impossible，comfortable，dangerous等。