Key to Unit 5.The Semantic Types of English WordsPre-Class ReadingCheck Your Understandinga. Fb. Tc. Td. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1. a. rush, hurry, stumble, dance, sail, moveb. bumpy, winding, stony, muddy, slipperyc. whimper, sweep, moan, groan, yelld. glimpse, watch, examine, glance, stare,2. concrete words:(1) Sunlight, trees, birds, corn, people, harvest; night, wind, rain, singer; deeds, work(2) Beauty is an abstract concept, yet by using the above concrete words, the author creates vivid images about “what beauty consists of”, i.e. beauty exists in the nature and in our daily life.3. (1) Proper nouns: Government of Victoria, Professor Liu Kang, Parliament House, Melbourne, Monday, International Community Education Conference Common nouns: reception, delegates(2) “International Community Education Conference”can be converted intocommon nouns if they are used in small letters, and refer to general international community education conferences. In much the same way, “Delegates” here refers to THOSE delegates who are going to attend the particular conference, thus can be regarded as a proper noun.4. (1) Proper nouns have a certain degree of specificity, i.e. they are used in a contextshared by the speaker and the hearer. Phonological information helps clarify the context. These words do not apply to other general cases. Sentences (e –h) either violates the specificity, or the background information can not be recovered.a. Mary is a person both of them know.b. There is a person called Mary who called you. (And the implied meaning alsoincludes “I don not know this girl.)c. Both of us know Which Plymouth I mean.d. There are many places called Plymouth.(2) Different languages have different working mechanisms of reference. There may be similar cases in Chinese, but we rely on other modifiers (or specifiers) to clarify the information.a. 玛丽喜欢语言学。

b 早上有个叫玛丽的人给你打电话了。

c. 普利茅茨是个小镇。

d. 有所著名的大学就位于英国的普利茅茨.5. (1) From words “rap, reedy, strange, fierce, thin, frail, tough, sinew, hawk” we may form a mental picture about an old but still energetic, somewhat unfriendly woman.(2) These words are mostly used as evaluative words, as they are to a large degree the subjective judgment by the author.(3) As this is an unexpected visitor, nothing can be said exactly. The author’s impression is largely based on his/her guess and personal evaluation.6. (1) Exact words: 1909, 59th, May 25, 1975Fuzzy words: significantly, unchallenged, oldest, continuously, largest(2) Evaluative words: significantly, unchallenged, oldest, continuously, largest Post-Class Tasks1.Hedges create a friendly and more realistic atmosphere and offer a range offlexibility in communication.2. a. Words: sneaked quietly, moved carefully, checked, trembled, digging swiftly,made a small hole, a wrinkled ten-dollar bill, slipped, breathed deeply, no one would find, etc.b. V erbs: watch around, steal, hide, bury, shake, shiver, be scared, feel relieved,etc.;Adverbs: alone, cautiously, alertly, cunningly, etc.3. a. Descriptive words: lofty, enjoy international reputation, a natural laboratoryEvaluative words: best, scenic, unparalleled, diversity and stimulation, etc.b. Factual words: San Francisco Peaks, the natural and cultural history of the Colorado Plateau, northern Arizona and the Four Corners area, the Grand Canyon, Monument V alley and Bryce and Zion national parks,Subjective opinion: best, scenic, unparalleled, diversity and stimulation.4.Specific figures give the reader a very clear and exact picture about thisnurse-training program: the job perspectives and potential wages. As hedges only describe an attractive picture about the program, it provides the training institution great range of flexibility and relieves itself the burden of risks and responsibilities.5. a. byzantine: of things difficult to understandb. Hamlet question: lack of proper solutionc. siren: a warning signd. nylon: chemical fiberse. pasteurize: to kill bacteria by boiling the milkf. ampere, Kelvin, tesla: units for electricity, temperature and magnetic fieldrespectively6. a. Proper nouns: George Hotel, Queens Moat House Hotel, the Hotel, the DutyCashier, The ManagementCommon nouns: V aluables, Jewelry, Money and Articles of V alue, Room Rate, Details of room Chargesb. Common nouns are capitalized to raise the guests’attention and serve afunction of precaution.。