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Discourse:Cohesion and Coherence语篇的衔接和连贯

reader associate previous statements with subsequent ones.
Halliday and Hasan 观点
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• 衔接是一种非结构性语篇关系,它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语 义联系。
• 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型: • 1. 指代 (reference); 2. 替代 (substitution); • 3. 省略 (ellipsis); 4. 连接 (conjunction); • 5. 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)
2. 替代 (substitution)
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• Eg:He has his own positive opinion on all matters;not an unwise one,for his own ends; and will ask no advice of yours.
• Eg: Darcy took up a book; Miss Bingley did the same.
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• With all the above cohesive devices combined,we have our own way on how to combine some sentences together in writing a text.
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
语篇的特点
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• 与句子相比较,语篇有自己的特点。 • 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合,而是一个语义上的整体
;换言之,它有表达整体意义的特点。 • 在语言形式上,篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性,如连接、替代
、省略、照应。
语篇的特点
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• 在语义逻辑上,全篇通常有首有尾,各句段所反映的概念或命题 具有连贯性,而不是各不相关的。每个句子都起着一定的承前启 后的作用,句与句,段与段的排列一般都符合逻辑顺序。
• Michael McCarthy claims that the relations between vocabulary items in text described by Halliday and Hasan are of two principal kinds:reiteration and collocation.
英汉语篇的主要差异
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• 英语是主语显著(subject-prominent)的语言,它突出的是主语 ,除省略句外,每个句子都必须有主语。
• 汉语则是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言,它突出的是主题 而非主语。汉语篇章中某些句子的主语有的可以省略,有的必须 省略,否则读起来别扭;有的比较朦胧,难以一眼看清。
1. 指代 (reference)
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• Eg:I have come to this world, star-naked;am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness?It is not fair though:why should I have made this trip for nothing!
2. 替代 (substitution)
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• 替代是用一个语言项目去替换另一个语言项目。 • 1)nominal substitute:one,ones,the same,so • 2)verbal substitute:do,do so • 3)clausal substitute:so,not
5. 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)
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• 词汇衔接指语篇中出现的一部分词汇相互之间存在语义上的联系 ,或重复,或由其他词语替代,或共同出现。
• 这里归纳了五种形式:1)重复,2)泛指词,3)同义词,4)反 义词,5)上下义关系搭配。
What makes a good text?
chances with a bad written report.
5. 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)
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• According to Halliday and Hasan, lexical cohesion includes the following devices:repetition,synonymy and antonymy, collocation,etc.
5. 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)
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• Based on Halliday and Hasan,Michael McCarthy,and Hu Zhuanglin, we propose that lexical cohesion have the following devices:reiteration,general word,synonymy,antonymy and collocation.
• Examples of Discourse: written story in a book;someone telling a joke;a conversation between two friends…
语篇
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• 语篇是指口头或者书面语的一个单位。如一篇散文、一首诗歌、 一次演讲、一份协议、或其中意思比较完整的段落。
4. 连接 (conjunction)
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• Examples: • 1)Harry is good at making oral presentations and he also
writes very good. • 2)Harry is good at making oral presentations,but he is terrible
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• A text may be cohesive without necessarily being coherent: cohesion does not spawn coherence.
• Connor writes:cohesion is determined by lexically and grammatically overt inter-sentential relationships, whereas coherence is based on semantic relationships.
The End
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
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• Teun A Van Dijk argues convincingly that coherence is a semantic property of discourse formed through the interpretation of each individual sentence relative to the interpretation of other sentences, with “interpretation” implying interaction between the text and reader.
1. 指代 (reference)
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• 指代关系指词与所代表的事物、行为、事件及特性之间的关系。 • 代词是语篇中的重要衔接手段。理清代词的指称关系,在阅读中
是至关重要的。 • 1)personal reference (人称代词) • 2)demonstrative reference (指示代词)
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• 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。
4. 连接 (conjunction)
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• Halliday and Hasan 总结的四种主要的连接方式: • 1)additive (typically marked with “and”); • 2)adversative (marked with words such as “but”); • 3)causal (marked with “because” or “so”,etc.); • 4)temporal (markers such as “and” or “and then”).
with written reports. • 3)Harry is good at making oral presentations,because he
took a training program in presentations last year. • 4)Harry gave a good oral presentation, then he ruined his
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
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• 如果说衔接所实现的是语言表层形式和陈述之间的关系,那么连 贯则是指交际行为之间的统一关系。
• 连贯是主观的,有赖于接受者对语篇的理解。 • 如果语篇中包含的概念关系与读者原有的对事物的体验相符,那
对读者来说,该语篇是连贯的。由于不同读者对世界的体验不同 ,在一个读者看来是连贯的语篇,对另一个读者却可能不连贯。
Discourse: Cohesion and Coherence 语篇的衔接和连贯
What is Discourse?
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• Language does not normally consist of isolated,unrelated sentences,but instead of collocated, structured,coherent groups of sentences we录
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