音标1、音素：音素是英语中最小的语音单位，英语中有48个音素，其中元音20个，辅音28个。
2、音标：是记录音素的符号，用于区别字母，因而需加“[]”或“//”。
3、48个音标4、开音节：以元音字母结尾或以辅音字母加不发音的e结尾的单词，叫开音节单词。
在开音节单词中，元音字母发它本身的音。
5、重音：读单词时总有一个响亮的音节叫重读音节，以“＇”来标记。
6、句子重读：①一般原则：有句子重读的是名词、动词、形容词、数词、副词、感叹词等。
②关键性原则：在一定场景下传递新信息的关键词要重读。
7、连读：同一句群中，前一词以辅音音素结尾，后一词以元音音素开头，在语流中将这两个音素合拼在一起读，这种现象叫“连读”。
字母或字母组合在重读音节或非重读音节中的读音:A）元音字母在单词中的读音元音字母读音说明例词a /ei/在重读开音节中name, make, plane, grade, cake, date,page, safe, face, gate/e/在ny前any, many, anyone, anything在重读闭音节中map, fat, sad, back, hand, catch, hat, bad,glad, black, thank, act…在w或wh后wash, want, watch, what在s, ss, st前past, flash, last, glass, pass, class, basket在w后偶尔发waterar分开发音Mary, parent在非重读音节中another, along, asleep, away, among,around#village, comrade, palace在非重读音节中元音字母读音说明例词e在重读开音节中*me, be, we, he, she, these, Chinese /e/在重读闭音节中get, rest, mend, next, left, then, help, wet,forget, dress, sell, speller分开发音zero^在非重读音节中open, moment, September在非重读音节中ticket, begin, behind, cinema, betweeni(y)/ai/在重读开音节中，time, drive, ride, knife, wife, smile, why,sky, dry, try, fly, spy, July在重读闭音节中hit, ill, lift, kill, twin, drink, pick, ship,wind, thin, ship, physics在重读开音节中police, machine'在非重读音节中April, holiday, beautiful在非重读音节中office, instead, finish, city, family, reallyo在重读开音节中~go, ago, nose, hope, whole, alone, hole,phone, smoke, joke在重读闭音节中clock, sock, shop, dog, cross, cock, bottle,knock, song, strong在m, n, v, th前love, son, some, mother, other{woman在某些重读开音节中move, lose, who, whose*one, once在非重读音节中today, tomorrow, together, second在非重读音节中onto, intou!在重读音节中use, student, duty, excuse, music在重读闭音节中but, cut, up, nut, duck, luck, lunch, sunny在重读闭音节中"put, pull, push, full在重读开音节中June, ruler在个别单词中busy, business/在非重读音节中AugustB）辅音字母在单词中的读音辅音字母读音例词辅音字母读音例词；b/b/bus p/p/map c/s/nice q·一般不单独发音/k/cup r/r/red d/d/;days/s/yes f/f/fly/z/please \ggate sureorange《usually h/h/he t/t/catj￥jeepv/v/live k/k/kite w/w/way；l/l/latex/ks/next m/m/my]example n/n/nine y/j/year|unclez/z/zero重点辅音字母读音讲解：n在单词中的读音①n在一般情况下发/n/。
如：kind, need, soon等。
s在单词中的读音①s在单词开头通常读/s/。
如：sit, stop等。
\②s后面的辅音字母发清辅音时读/s/。
如：desk, past, question, mistake等。
③以s结尾的复数名词，s前的辅音字母发清辅音时，词尾s读/s/。
如：clocks, shops等。
④ss在单词中读/s/。
如pass, lesson等。
⑤s在两个元音音素之间常读/z/。
如：music/′mju:zik/, visit/′vizit/等。
⑦加s构成的复数名词及单数第三人称动词形式中，s前面为浊辅音或元音时，s读/z/。
如：bags, plays, blows, rulers等。
C）元音字母组合在单词中的读音这类字母组合通常有两个元音字母组成，其中的元音字母组合有的只发一种音，有的发两种或两种以上的音。
—元音字母组合读音说明例词ea/i:/在重读音节中team, clean, sea, tea, east, cheap,easy, speak, season, read。
/e/在重读音节中head, bread, ready, weather, health 在重读音节中idea, real, really/ei/ 在重读音节中]great, breakai/ei/ 在个别重读音节词中 train, rain wait, waiter /e/ 在重读音节中said, says~/i/在非重读音节中ee/i:/ 在重读音节中see, bee, free, sheep, feel, meet,need, green, asleepey/ei/ 在重读音节中 ]they, hey, obey （遵守）/i:/ 在个别重读音节词中 key /i/ 在非重读音节中m onkey , money eo"/i:/在重读音节中peopleei/i:/ 在重读音节中 receive/ri′si:v/（收到）/ei/在字母组合eigh 中"eight, eighteen, weighou在重读音节中ground, round, around, out, mouse,blouse在重读音节中young, country, touch, enough,double)/u:/在个别重读音节词中group在情态动词中could, should, wouldue/u:/e不发音:blue/e/u不发音guess元音字母组合读音说明/例词oo/u:/词尾或词中zoo, soon, food, cool, tooth, noon,fool在k或d前cook, look, took, good, foot, wood）在l和d之间oa在重读音节中coat, goat, boatoy在重读音节中|boy, enjoy, joy, toyoi在重读音节中toilet, oil（油）ie/e/i不发音friend在重读音节中field, piece, thief（贼）/i:/在个别单词中quiet/ai/在词尾[lie, die, tieau在重读音节中autumn, daughter, August在个别重读音节词中auntay—/ei/在重读音节中today, away, stay, may, say, play /i/在非重读音节中Monday, Sundayui/u:/在重读音节中~fruitoe/u:/位于词尾shoeio在重读音节中pioneeruy~/ai/重读音节，词尾buyye/ai/重读音节，词尾byeD)辅音字母组合在单词中的读音这类字母组合通常有两个辅音字母组成，大部分辅音字母组合只有一种读音，有少数辅音字母组合有两种或两种以上读音。
辅音字读音说明例词|母组合ch大部分单词中which, lunch, chair, China, teach/k/`在少数单词中school, chemistry/′kemistri/（化学）在个别单词中machineck/k/一般位于词尾clock, back, black！辅音字母组合读音说明例词ng在词尾sing, song, bring, seeing在词中English, hungry, angry, stronger sh在词首、词中或词尾shall, fishing, finish, washph/f/~一般在词首phone, photo, physics/′fiziks/（物理）wh/h/后为o时who, whose, whole /w/后为其它元音字母时when, which, why, where |gh/f/一般在词尾laugh, enough, coughth在词尾或以th开头的名词、动词、形容词、数词中both, tooth, fifth, south, thing,think, thick, third/ð/（在ther中及代词、冠词、连词或副词中another, feather, them, with, than,thenwr/r/在词首write, wrong, writer kn/n/在词首~tchcatch, match, watch dr/dr/一般位于词首drive, dry, dress, drinktr/tr/！一般位于词首tree, truck, train, trousersds/dz/一般在词尾beds, finds, handsts/ts/一般在词尾students, lets, boats, cats, wants /E)元、辅音字母组合在单词中的读音这类字母组合有两类：一类是一个或两个元音字母与r组合，构成-r音节或-re音节。
这是主要一类元辅音字母组合。
另一类是一个元音字母与除r以外的某个辅音字母组合。
这类元辅音字母组合数量很少。
元、辅音字母组合读音说明例词ar 重读音节中*far, park, card, party, hard, start,March, farther, hardly（几乎不）在w后warm, war, warn(警告), quarter 非重读音节中popular, similarer ：重读音节中her, term, certainly, prefer非重读音节中farmer, worker, writer, letter, waiter元、辅音字母组合!读音说明例词ir重读音节中girl, shirt, first, third, bird, dirtyor 重读音节中&short, sport, horse, born, north 在w后work, word, world, worse, worst 非重读音节q中doctor, visitor（游客）ur ￥重读音节中turn, hurt（受伤），Thursday, purple,purseare 重读音节中 care, careful, hareear,重读音节中 、near, hear, clear, dear, nearly重读音节中early, earth, learn, heard少数词中 tear, pear, bear(熊) ）个别词中heart ere重读音节中where, there重读音节中$hereore 重读音节中 before, more, score ire重读音节中 tired, hire(雇用)，fire （火） eer:重读音节中deer （鹿），pioneer ure重读音节中 sure非重读音节中!pleasure, picture, treasure(财宝)eir 重读音节中 theirair重读音节中chair, hair, pair, fair(金色的)our：重读音节中four, fourth, course, pour(倒；灌注)重读音节中hour非重读音节中(colouroor一般读door, floor个别词中pooral~一般读call, walk, talk, tall, small以al开头的副词also, always, already, almost个别词中,half元、辅音字母组合读音说明例词ow重读或非重读音节中`slow, blow, show, snow, throw,window, yellow,borrow,tomorrow重读音节中now, how, cow, down, brown ew一般读/ju:/few, knew, news, newspaper不规则动词过去式中threw, drew, flew, grew个别词中sew(缝纫)tion ]一般读station, dictionary, operation 在s后questionaw重读音节中draw, law（法律）。