采矿工程专业英语专业：矿业工程姓名：常晓贇学号：1370845Page1:Evidence of early copper mining exists in many parts of the world . For example , a recent archeometallurgical expedition has uncovered a prehistoric mining complex at PhuLon(“Bald Mountain”)on the Mekong River in Thailand , that ma y be dated as early as 2000BC.Workers at this complex used massive river cobble mauls to break the friable skarn matrix that held squatz veins rich in malachite (Pigott, 1988). The world's oldest known copper smelting furnace,dating to 3500BC, has been found near the modern Timna copper mine in Israel (Raymond , 1986).在世界上许多地方都有早期铜开采存在的证据。
例如，最近一个冶金考古探险队发现了一个史前采矿综合体在在泰国湄公河的PhuLon（“秃山”）上，这可能要追溯到公元前2000年。
工人们用大量鹅卵石撞击易碎的富含孔雀石的矽卡岩脉石（Pigott，1988）。
世界上已知的最古老的铜矿石冶炼炉可以追溯到公元前3500年，它被发现是在以色列的现在亭纳铜矿（Raymond，1986）。
The link between native copper and malachite might well have been suggested to Neolithic man by the common association of these two forms of the metal in outcrops.But the process by which he then learned how to extract copper from the malachite remains an historic mystery . One suggested answer is that both metal smelting and pottery making appeared to have evolved about the same time . The potter , the first technician in the management of heat , had under his control all the materials and conditions necessary for smelting copper(Raymond, 1986).自然铜矿和孔雀石之间的联系更可能被新石器时代的人建议为这两种金属露头形式之间常见的关联。
但是他们如何学会从孔雀石中提取铜的过程仍然是一个历史之谜。
一个可能的答案是金属冶炼和陶器制作都是在同一时期出现的。
陶器制作，第一个在高温下来操作的技术，它对于控制所有材料和条件成为冶炼铜的必要条件（Raymond，1986）。
Room-and-Pillar Mining:In the method known as room-and-pillar mining ,the ore body is excavated as completely as possible , leaving parts of the ore as pillars to support the hanging wall .The dimensions of the stopes and pillars depend upon factors such as the stability of the hanging wall, the stability of the ore ,the thickness of the deposit, and the rock pressure . Generally , the objective is to extract the ore as completely as possible without jeopardizing working conditions or personnel safety . Typically , the pillars are arranged in a regular pattern, and they can be circular , square , or shaped as longitudinal walls that separate the stopes .房柱采矿法：作为房柱采矿法，矿体要尽可能地被完全挖掘，留下一部分矿石作为支柱来支撑顶板。
采场和支柱的尺寸取决于顶板的稳定性、矿石的稳定性、矿体的厚度和岩石压力等因素。
一般来说，目标是在没有危害的的工作条件和人员安全的条件下尽可能完全地开采矿石。
通常情况下，支柱以规则形状排列，它们可以是圆形，方形，或者与采场分离的纵向壁排列形状。
Although some of the ore left in the pillars can be extracted by “robbing”as a final operation in the mine , the ore in the pillars usually is regarded as nonrecoverable .虽然留在支柱中的一些矿石可以在最后的开采中被作为“揩油”开采出来，但是支柱中的矿石通常被视为不可回收的。
The slope of the pit wall is one of the major elements affecting the size and shape of the pit .The pit slope help determine the amount of waste that must be moved to mine the ore . The pit slope is usually expressed in degrees from the horizontal plane .露天矿边坡的坡度是影响露天矿大小和形状的主要因素之一。
露天矿边坡帮助确定开采矿石中必须移除走的废石量。
露天矿边坡角通常是表示为边坡和水平面的夹角。
A pit wall needs to remain stable as long as mining activity is in that area. The stability of the pit walls should be analyzed as carefully as possible . Rock strength ,faults , joints , presence of water ,and other geologic information are key factors in the evaluation of the proper slope angle . The slope may be stated as a simple , overall average for the pit (e.g,45°),but a more detailed study may show that the physical characteristics of the deposit cause the pit slope to change with rock type , sector location, elevation , or orientation within rock the pit.Fig.2 illustrates how the pit slopes may vary in the deposit .只要在采矿活动区内露天矿边坡必须保持稳定。
露天矿边坡稳定性必须要尽可能仔细地分析。
岩石强度，断层，节理，含水状态和其他地质信息是评价合适边坡角的关键因素。
露天边坡角可以是一个简单的，整体平均值（比如，45°），但是一个更加详细的研究表明矿石的物理特性引起露天矿边坡角随着岩石的种类、扇形位置，海拔或岩石倾向改变。
图2演示了露天边坡角如何随着矿体改变。
A proper slope evaluation will give the slopes that allow the pit walls to remain stable .The pit walls should be set as steep as possible to minimize the strip ratio . The pit slope analysis determines the angle to be used between the roads in the pit . The overall pit slope used for design must be flatter to allow for the road system in the ultimate pit.一个合适的边坡角评估将使露天矿边坡保持稳定。
露天矿边坡应该设计地尽可能陡以减小剥采比。
露天矿边坡分析决定露天矿道路的角度。
整体露天矿边坡角的设计必须符合允许最终境界的道路系统。
In practice neither the grades nor the economic variable are known . Two broad approaches have been proposed for using geostitistical simulations to take account of the uncertainty on the resources . Dowd(1994),Rossi and van Brunt (1997) and Thwaite(1998)generated several conditional simulations of the orebody and optimized the pit for each one . When it became possible to generate far more simulations , Dimitrakopoulos, Farelly and Godoy (2002)proposed generating the pit contour using the kriged orebody model, then running the economic analysis for each simulation . See also Kent , Peattie and Chamberlain (2007) . The next step was to include the uncertainty on the economic variables by stochastic simulations of prices and costs(Nicolas et al , 2007; Armstrong, Galli and Ndiaye,2009; Abdel Sabour and Dimitrakopoulos,2009).在实际中品位和经济变量都不是已知的。