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大气边界层


湍流的产生
机械湍流( mechanical Turbulence) 热力湍流( thermal Turbulence )或对流湍 流(convective turbulence) 惯性湍流(inertial Turbulence)
机械湍流( mechanical Turbulence)
由风切变产生 风切变产生的原因:地面摩擦力,地形建筑 等障碍物的阻挡等。
9.4.4 The Marine Boundary Layer
9.4.4 The Marine Boundary Layer
9.4.4 The Marine Boundary Layer
9.4.5 Stormy Weather
9.4.5 Stormy Weather
9.4.5 Stormy Weather
惯性湍流(inertial Turbulence)
由大湍涡产生,湍流串级(turbulent cascade) Small eddies can also be generated along the edges of larger eddies, a process called the turbulent cascade, where some of the inertial energy of the larger eddies is lost to the smaller eddies
湿度通量
Байду номын сангаас
9.2.4 The Global Surface Energy Balance
9.2.4 The Global Surface Energy Balance
9.3 Vertical Structure 垂直结构
9.3.1 Temperature
绿色虚线:标准大气,黑色实线:实际大气
热力湍流( thermal Turbulence )
Thermal or convective turbulence, also known as free convection, consists of plumes or thermals of warm air that rises and cold air that sinks due to buoyancy forces. Near the ground, the rising air is often in the form of intersecting curtains or sheets of updrafts, the intersections of which we can identify as plumes with diameters about 100 m. Higher in the boundary layer, many such plumes and updraft curtains merge to form larger diameter (∼1 km) ∼ thermals. For air containing sufficient moisture, the tops of these thermals contain cumulus clouds
建立二阶量方程,同 时建立三阶量和二阶 均量之间的关系,称 为二阶闭合 (Second-order closure),建立三阶 量方程,同时建立四 阶量和三阶均量之间 的关系,称为三阶闭 合
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
局地闭合(local closure)和非局地闭合(non-local closure)
9.1.6 Turbulence Scales and Similarity Theory 湍流尺度和相似理论
9.1.4 Turbulent transport and fluxes 湍流输送和通量
热通量(heat flux)
热通量大于零,热量向上输送。 热通量小于零,热量向下输送。
9.1.5 Turbulence closure 湍流闭合
建立关于平均量的大气运动和热力学方程组, 称为雷诺平均方程(Reynolds averaging)
free atmosphere
entrainment zone
mixed layer surface layer
capping inversion 冠盖逆温
residual layer
geostrophic wind speed
stable boundary layer
9.3.3 Winds
the shape of the wind profile in the surface layer
du dt dv
其中
− fv = −
1 ∂p ρ ∂x 1 ∂p
du ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u = +u +v +w ∂x ∂y dt ∂t ∂z

u = u + u ' , v = v + v' , w = w + w'
湍流应力(也称为 雷诺应力)
du 1 ∂p 1 ∂ ∂ ∂ =− + f v + [ (− ρ u '2 ) + (− ρ u ' v') + (− ρ u ' w')] ρ ∂x ρ ∂x dt ∂y ∂z
潜热通量
B:波恩比(Bowen ratio),感热和潜热之比。 B经常根据试验获得 the Bowen ratio ranges from about 0.1 over tropical oceans, through 0.2 over irrigated crops, 0.5 over grassland, 5.0 over semi-arid regions, and 10 over deserts.
:“湍流是这样一种不规则运动,其流场的 湍流是这样一种不规则运动, 各种特性是时间和空间的随机变量, 各种特性是时间和空间的随机变量,因此其 统计平均值是有规律性的。 统计平均值是有规律性的。”
9.1.1 Eddies and thermals
当流体含有多种尺度的不规则涡流,称之为 湍流。这种涡流称为湍涡(eddies) 当流体运动很平稳是,每一个湍涡的尺度迅 速变小并逐渐消失(湍涡破碎),大湍涡的 能量最终耗散为热能。 湍流的主要特征是湍流运动时流体的主要的 物理属性如速度、温度、压力等随时间和空 间以随机的方式发生变化。
边界层大气方程组中出现湍流应力、热通量等新的和 湍流有关的变量,方程变得不闭合
出现三阶量 如为求解热通量,列 出关于热量的方程
列出三阶量方程,则 出现四阶量, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 建立二阶量和平均量之间 的关系,称为一阶闭合 (first-order closure), 梯度输送理论( gradienttransfer theory ),K理论 ( K-theory ),K闭合, 混合长理论( mixinglength theory )
(a) Daytime over a moist vegetated surface. (b) Nighttime over a moist vegetated surface. (c) Daytime over a dry desert. (d) Oasis effect during the daytime
摩擦速度(friction velocity)
9.2 The surface Energy Balance 表面能量平衡 9.2.1 Radiative fluxes(辐射通量) net radiation flux F∗(净辐射通量)
9.2.2 Surface energy balance over land 考虑无限薄层,没有热容量
在沿海地区低层大气中,白天风常从海上吹向陆 地(即海风), 夜 间风从陆地吹向海洋(为陆 风),这就是海陆风
Chapter 9 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer 大气边界层
定义:The portion of the atmosphere most affected by that boundary is called the atmospheric boundary layer(ABL)
边界层厚度:一般1~2km,随时间空间变化, 从几百米~4km。 边界层上方为自由大气(free atmosphere) 湍流是边界层最重要的特征。
9.1 Turbulence(湍流)
大气运动的多尺度 Planetaryscale(行星尺度) synoptic scale(天气尺度) Mesoscale(中尺度) Microscales(微尺度) turbulence scales(湍流尺度)
FHs :sensible heat flux(感热通量、感热) FEs :latent heat flux (潜热通量、潜热) FGs :the conduction of heat down into the ground, (positive downward, away from the surface)
9.2.3 The bulk aerodynamic formulae 总体空气动力学公式 关于感热和潜热及土壤热通量的公式
Ts、Tair: 表层土壤和空气温度。 |V |:地面风速 CH: 热量的无量纲总体输送系数(dimensionless bulk transfer coefficient)
9.5 Special Effects
9.5.1 Terrain effects 山谷风,Mountain-valley wind, Mountain and valley breeze
白天:上坡风 Anabatic wind
夜间:下坡风katabatic wind
9.5.2海陆风sea-land breeze
zo :动力学粗糙度(aerodynamic roughness length) k = 0.4:卡门常数( the von Karman constant) 此公式在表面层(近地层)中近中性稳定度条件下 适用,非中性条件下对上式有修正公式
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