NECESSARY TERMS OF ENGLISH CONTRACT
1.前言Preamble
一份标准英文合同通常可以分为前言（Preamble）、正文（Operative part）、附录（Schedule）及证明部分即结束词（Attestation）四大部分组成。
前言（Preamble）由“Parties”及“Recitals”两部分组成。
“Parties”为必备条款，在很多时候称为“commencement”即合同的开场白，主要介绍合同各方的名称或姓名、注册地及地址、邮编及在合同中的简称。当然，并不是所有的合同都要详细介绍以上诸要素，在许多简单合同中，只是提一下各方的名称。
I. 以下为“Parties”的常用表达方式：
1. This Agreement is entered into by and between ____ and ____.
本协议由以下双方____和___ 签署。
2. This Agreement is entered into by and between ____ (hereinafter referred to as____) and ____ (hereinafter referred to as "_____"), whereby it is agreed as follows:
本协议由以下双方____（以下简称____）和_____（以下简称___）签署，达成如下协议：
注：在很多合同中，这部分加入签约事由，如：
This Agreement is entered into through friendly negotiations between _____ Co.
(hereinafter referred to as the “Party A”) and _____ Co. (hereinafter referred to as the “Party B”) based on equality and mutual benefit to develop business on the terms and conditions set forth below:
本协议由_____（以下称为甲方）和____（以下称为乙方）为发展业务在平等互利的基础上签订，其条款如下：
This Agreement is entered into between _____ (hereinafter referred to as "Company"), and ______, (hereinafter referred to as "Employee") pursuant to paragraph VIII(2) of the Employee Handbook, whereby it is agreed as follows:
本“协议”由_____（以下简称“公司”）与_____（以下简称“雇员”）根据“雇员手册”第VIII(2)款签署，“协议”内容如下：
II. 以下为标准的“Parties”条款：
3. This Agreement is made and entered into this _____th day of _____ in the year of ____ by and between ______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of ______, with its principal place of business at _____ (hereinafter referred to as “_____”), and ______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of _____, with its principal place of business at _____ (hereinafter referred to as “_____”), whereby it is agreed as follows:
本合约由______，在_____法律之下并凭该等法律正式组织并存在的公司，其主要营业地点在______（下称_____），与_____，在_____法律之下并凭该等法律正式组织并存在的公司，其主要营业地点______（下称代理人），于_____日签订和缔结，协议如下：
III. “Recitals”由数个以"Whereas"字样开头的句子所组合而成（这些句子俗称为“Whereas Clauses”），表示当事人乃是在基于对这些事实（例如订约的目的、背景来由等）的共同认识，订立此合约。
4. This Agreement is made and entered into this _____ day of _____ in the year of ____ by and between _______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of ______, with its principal place of business at ______ (hereinafter referred to as “_____”), and ______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of ______, with its principal place of business at ______ (hereinafter referred
to as “_____”)
WITNESSED
WHEREAS, NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereto agree as follows:
本合约由_____，在_____法律之下并凭该等法律正式组织并存在的公司，其主要营业地点在______（下称_____）（或下称供应商），与_______，在_____法律之下并凭该等法律正式组织并存在的公司，其主要营业地点_
鉴于
因此，双方当事人达成以下协议：
注：WITNESSED可以用WITHNESSTH、WITHNESSTH THAT等来代替。
IV. 在很多美国常用合同中，在很多情况下直接用RECITALS引导数个陈述语句或“Whereas Clauses”。下面为一个资产购买协议实例：
This ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT (the "Agreement") is made and entered into as of May 19, 1997 by and among AAA, a Delaware corporation ("AAA"), BBB, a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of AAA ("Buyer"), CCC ("Summit"), and DDD, an Oregon corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Summit ("Seller").
RECITALS
A. The Boards of Directors of each of Summit, Seller, AAA and Buyer believe it is in the best interests of each company and their respective security holders that Buyer acquire certain listed assets and assume certain listed liabilities of Seller (the "Acquisition").
B. On the date hereof, Buyer has executed a $2,000,000 irrevocable purchase order to purchase 400 time-based licenses for Summit's Visual HDL interfaces for Visual Test bench ("VTB") software on AAA's standard form of purchase order, which is payable within five (5) business days after the date hereof.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants, promises and representations set forth herein, and for other good and valuable consideration, the parties agree as follows:
2.定义Definition
在正文（Habendum）部分，通常第一章为定义（Definitions）部分。
定义条款即对合同中涉及的术语及名词作出限定、解释的条款。它可以散见于合同各个部分，但对于一些大型的、重要的合同，通常将其置于第一章。
I. 常见的定义语句常用mean, refer to, be construed as, include等来表达。如：
1. "Territory" means the United States of America.“销售地区”是指美利坚合众国。
2. “Commencement date” shall mean the date of signing this agreement by the last signing party hereto.
“协议生效日”是指本“协议”最后签字的一方签署本“协议”的日期。
3. The “agreement” herein referred to shall mean this agreement of agency by entrustment.
“协议”在这里是指本委托代理协议。
4. “Code” shall refer to the current and applicable Internal Revenue Code.
“法”是指当前可用的国内税收法。
5. Reference to any statutory provision shall be construed as a reference to the same as it may have been, or may from time be, amended, modified or re-enacted.
引用法律规定理解为引用其本身外，还包括其修订、修正或重新实施案。
6. "Expenses" include costs, charges and expenses of every description.
“费用”包括各种形式的金钱支出。
II. 还有一类特殊的定义语句，即对于「单、复数」及「阴、阳性」名词的范围定义。通常都是用include来表达：
1. "Stock Certificate" includes "stock certificate" and "stock certificates".
合同中的“股票”，包括单数与复数。
2. "He" includes "he" and "she".
合同中的“他”，包括“他”与“她”。
3. Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number.
采用单数或复数的单词也包括复数或单数。
III. 定义语句中，有时需限定范围。而通常用得最多的是：“for the purpose of ”及“in relation to”某概念的定义条款，如果适用范围仅限于合同的“特定部份”，可以用“for the purpose of ”来为定义条款起头。而如果定义条款是针对合同的“特定概念”，就用“in relation to”来界定。如下例：
1. For the purpose of this Agreement, "Products" means all types of the machineries manufactured by Manufacturer as are specified in Attachment A hereto.
本协议所称的“产品”，指制造人所制造如附件A表列之各式机器。
2. "Address" means－
(a) 就自然人而言in relation to an individual, his usual residential or business address; and
(b) in relation to a corporation, its registered or principal office in the Republic of China.
“地址”就自然人而言，指通常之居所或工作场所；就公司而言，指位于中华人民共和国之注册所在地或主营业所。
IV. 在定义条款中，在定义语句前有时会加上一些陈述语句来引导，如：
1. For the purpose of this Agreement, each of the following terms shall have the following meaning respectively:
就本合同的目的而言，下列各用语，分别具有下述意义：
2. In this Agreement, the following words or expressions shall have the meanings given to them respectively below:
本协议内所用词句的意义，明确阐述如下：
3. In this agreement unless the context otherwise requires, the following words and expressions shall have the meanings assigned to them hereunder:
除非本“协议”有明确规定，下列词语应当具有如下规定之意义：
4. The following are the definitions of various terms used in this Agreement:
本“协议”使用之术语定义如下：
3.有效期Period of validity
有效期(Term)条款通常规定合同的有效期限，何时生效及到何时结束，合同结束后必要时如何延展等等。
I. 以下为“Term”的常用表达方式：
The term of this contract is for a _____ year period.合同的有效期为_____年。
如：The term of this contract is for a one (1) year period.
2. The contract is for a _____ month period, commencing _____.
合同的有效期为_____月，开始于______。（期限）
a. The contract is for a 12 month period, commencing September 17, 2002 thru September 16, 2003.
b. The contract is for a 6 month period, commencing 4-1-03 and ending 9-30-2003.
3. This agreement remains valid for _____ year(s), i.e. commencing on ______, _____and terminating on ______, _____.
本协议在_____年之内有效，即从_____年_____月_____日起生效，_____年_____月_____日起到期。
4. The contract term is hereby extended for the period____.
合同的有效期为_______。
如：The contract term is hereby extended for the period____ in accordance with Section E, Paragraph 10, Term of Contract and Contract Extension.
II. Term条款除了规定合同的期限外，通常另外合同期限的延展“Extension”。
1. The contract period is for _____ year with option to re-new for _____ year.
合同有效期为_____年，同时可以选择延长_____年。
2. The contract is for a _____ month period, commencing _____. The contract may be renewed for up to _____ year option periods.
合同的有效期为_____月，开始于_______，同时可以选择延长_____年。
3. This agreement shall commence on the commencement date and shall endure for a continuous period of _____ years. Thereafter it will be automatically renewed for successive periods of _____ years on the same terms and conditions unless one of the parties had given _____days notice of termination.
本协议应自生效日生效并在_____年内有效。此后，除非一方当事人提前_____天书面通知对方当事人终止本协议，本协议有效期自动延长_____年，协议条款不变。
III. Term条款并没有十分固定的表达方式，以下即是一些合同中Term的实例：
1. This Agreement shall be valid and remain in force for a period of three (3) years commencing from the date appearing first above written upon the signing of both Party A and Party B and shall be extended for another period of three (3) years on the same terms and conditions unless either of the parties hereto gives the other party at least thirty (30) days prior written notice to terminate this Agreement prior to the expiration of the original term.
本合约须从上面首次写明的甲方和乙方签订本约的日期起生效并保持效力三年，并将按同样条件延长三年，否则与约任何一方至少须在原定时间期满前三十天给予另一方提前终止本合约的书面通知。
2. At any time and from time to time during the period commencing on the date hereof and terminating on ______, 20___, party A may in writing advise party B.
自本协议签订之日起到______年______月协议终止这段期间内，甲方可随时以书面形式通知乙方。
3. The term of this Agreement shall be three years from the effective date, unless terminated in accordance with Article VI- (3) and Article IX.
本合同的期限除非根据第8条第3款及第9条的规定终止外，有效期为3年。
4. The contract is valid from _______ until _______.
The contract period is automatically extended for any leave of absence allowed for in law.
合同的有效期为从______到_____。
5. The term of this Agreement shall commence on the _____ day of _____ and end on the _____ day of _____ Upon expiration of the above initial term, this Agreement shall automatically be renew and extended for a like period of time unless terminated in writing by either party _____ days prior to the date for such renewal.
本协议期限为__年____月____日至__年___月___日。除非续订日前_____天一方以书面方式提出终止，否则上述首期届满后，协议应自动续订，延长时间与前期相同。
4.不可抗力Force Majeure
Force Majeure条款是一种免责条款，即免除由于不可抗力事件而违约的一方的违约责任。一般应规定的内容包括：不可抗力事件的定义（Definition of Force Majeure）以及不可抗力事件的后果（Consequences of Force Majeure）。在Force Majeure条款中，两者属于因果关系，难以截然分开。
I. 对于Force Majeure的定义，《合同法》定义如下：
本法所称不可抗力，是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。
For purposes of this Law, force majeure means any objective circumstance, which is unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable.
II. 以下是Force Majeure条款的举例：
1. Neither party shall be responsible for delays or failures in performance resulting from acts or facts reasonably beyond the control of that party.
任何一方不应对因其无法控制之行为或事实造成协议延迟履行或不履行承担任何责任。
2. Either Party shall not be liable for any delay caused by any unpredictable factor or any factor which is unavoidable or insurmountable by reasonable means at the time of conclusion of this Agreement, or any loss caused by failure in fulfillment of obligations as stipulated herein.
协议任一方无须对因任何在本协议签订时无法预见或以合理手段也无法避免或克服之原因造成的迟延或不履行本协议之义务所造成的损失承担责任。
注：以上采用的是类似《合同法》概括的定义方法。而合同为不可抗力定义时更多地采用列举的方法。
3. Neither party of this Agreement, directly or indirectly owing to any causes or circumstances beyond its control, including Acts of God, Governmental orders or restriction, war, warlike conditions, revolutions, strike, lockout, fire and flood.
本合同任何一方当事人对直接或间接地由于其无法控制的原因或情况包括自然
灾害、政府命令或限制、战争、战争状态、革命、罢工、工厂被关闭、火灾、水灾等而未能履行或延迟履行合同或合同一部分的行为，不负任何责任。
注: Acts of God通常也译为“不可抗力”，但主要是指自然灾害；而Force Majeure 则包括自然及人为两方面。
4. Neither party will be liable for nondelivery, misdelivery or late delivery (other than the payment of money due hereunder) caused by circumstances beyond its reasonable control, including, among others, war, civil strife or commotion, riots, strikes, fires, floods, acts of God, inability to obtain materials, failure of carriers or compliance with any law, regulation or governmental order.
任何当事人将不会为任何因为不可控制的情况产生的未交付货物、交付错误或延迟交货（除了支付应付款）。不可控制的情况包括战争、国内斗争或暴乱、骚乱、罢工、火灾、洪灾、自然灾害、无力获得材料、承运人的失误、遵守法律、法规或政府令。
5. Should either of the parties to the contract by prevented from executing the contract by force majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire and war and other unforeseen events, and their happening and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the prevented party shall notify the other party by cable without any delay, and within 15 days thereafter provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization
for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the contract. Both parties shall, through consolations, decide whether to terminate the contract or to exempt the part of obligations for implementation of the contract or whether to delay
the execution of the contract according to the effects of the events on the performance of the contract.
由于地震、台风、水灾、火灾、战争以及其它不能预见并且对其发生和后果不能防止或避免的不可抗力事件出现，致使直接影响合同的履行或者不能按约定的条件履行时，遇有上述不可抗力的一方，应立即电报通知对方，并应在十五天内，提供不可抗力详情及合同不能履行、或者部分不履行、或者需要延期履行的理由的有效证明文件。此项证明文件应由事故发生地有权证明的机构出具。按其对履行合同影响的程度，由双方协商决定是否解除合同，或者部分履行合同，或者延期履行合同。
6. Force majeure shall hereof consist of the following events:
下述事件构成不可抗力：
Where such cases as war, earthquake, serious windstorms, snow, or fire or other events which no party can foresee and prevent from happening occur;
发生战争、地震、严重的风灾、雪灾、火灾或其他各方无法预见、无法抗拒的事故。
The related laws and regulations in collection with the execution of duties by any party to this Agreement undergo changes, under which this Agreement will be illegal or the transfer cannot be fulfilled.
自本协议签订之日起与本协议任何一方履行本协议相关的法律、法规发生变更致使本协议非法或转让行为无法完成。
In event of the occurrence of the above-mentioned events, if any party (hereinafter referred to as the “Effected Party ”) has been delayed or deterred from performing the duties of this Agreement in the course of its execution, the Affected Party shall be free from any liabilities for breach of the agreement and for compensation.
在发生本协议不可抗力事件之后，任何一方（以下简称受影响方）在履行本协议义务时受到拖延或不能履行时，受影响方不承担任何违约责任及赔偿责任。
In event of the force majeure, the affected party shall, within _____days from the date of the occurrence, notify the other party of the impact of such events on the execution of the duties in this Agreement, by telex, telegraph or in any other lawful written form, and simultaneously submit the relevant official credentials concerning the force majeure herein.
在发生不可抗力事件时，受影响方应自不可抗力事件发生之日起_____天内以电传或电报或其他任何合理书面方式，通知另一方有关不可抗力的发生和不可抗力对其履行本协议的义务的影响，同时应呈交不可抗力的有关官方证明。
Should the effect of the force majeure cases last more than _____ days, both parties shall consult each other about the alterations of this Agreement; in case they fail to reach an agreement, Chapter 8 shall thereupon apply.
在不可抗力事件延续_____天后，双方必须磋商本协议的变更，双方未能协商一致的，适用本协议第八章的规定。
7. Force Majeure不可抗力
(1) No party to this Contract shall be liable to the other party for any failure of or delay in performance of its obligations hereof nor be deemed to be in breach of this Contract, if such failure or delay has arisen from "force majeure."
如果任何一方因不可抗力而款能履行或推迟履行其义务，则不对另一方负责，也不应视作违反合同。
"Force Majeure" means circumstances and conditions beyond the control of either parties, that would render it impossible for either the Owner or the Contractor to fulfill their obligations under this Contract, or delay such fulfillment. Any of the following matters are considered "force majeure."
“不可抗力”指业主或承包商无法控制的情况，使当事人未能按本合同履行其义务，或者不得不延迟履行其义务。下列情况均被视作“不可抗力”：
a. war, hostilities, act of foreign enemy, invasion, warlike opera-tions (whether war to be declared or not) or civil war;
b. mutiny, civil commotion assuming the proportions of or amounting to a popular rising, military rising, insurrection, rebellion, revolution, military or usurped power, or any act of any person acting on behalf of or in connection with any organization with activities directed towards the overthrow by force of the Government de jure or de facto, or to the influencing of it by terrorism or violence;
c. earthquake, flood, fire or other natural physical disaster;
d. denial of the use of all ports, airports, shipping services or other means of public transport;
e. strike or lock out or other industrial concerted action by workers, affecting the fulfillment of Contractor's and subcontractors' obligations;
f. and other unforeseen circumstances beyond the control of the parties so affected rendering the fulfillment of their obligations impossible.
a. 战争、敌对事件、外敌行动、入侵、类似战争的军事行动（不管是事宣战）、内战；
b. 士兵哗变、民众暴乱、军事叛乱、起义、造反、革命、篡权、或者任何个人代表某个组织或与某个组织有联系、旨在以暴力推翻合法或现存政府、或以恐怖主义或暴力对政府施加影响的行为；
c. 地震、洪水、火灾或其他自然灾害；
d. 所有港口、机场、船运或其他公共交通工具的使用均遭拒绝；
e. 工人罢工、工厂停工、或其他的劳工联合行动，影响了承包商和分包商履行其义务；
f. 当事人无法控制、从而使其不能履行义务的其他任何意外情况。
(3) If either party to this Contract is prevented or delayed from or in performing any of his obligations under this Contract by force majeure, then he may notify the other party of the circumstances constituting the force majeure and of the obligation performance of which is thereby delayed or prevented and the party giving the notice shall thereupon be excused from the performance or punctual performance, as the case may be,
of such obligation for so long as the circumstances of prevention or delay may continue.
如果本合同任何一方因不可抗力不能或延迟履行本合同规定的任何义务，他可将不可抗力和由此造成的延迟或妨碍情况通知另一方。发出通知的一方允许根据具体情况及妨碍或延迟持续的时间免于履行或推迟履行合同。
(4) If by virtue of the preceding sub-clause dither party shall be excused from the performance or punctual performance of any obligation for a continuous period of ________ months, then either party may at any time thereafter terminate this Contract by giving a written notice to the other party.
根据本第款第3分条规定，如果任何一方免于履行或推迟履行其义务的时间持续了____个月，那么任何一方都可随时向另一方发出书面通知，终止本合同。
5.修改Modification
合同修订 (Modification)条款为合同常用条款.主要规定了合同修订的方式与途径。例如：书面合同，只能以书面方式进行修订，口头修订内容无效。
I. Modification条款通常较为简单，以下为一些常用比较简约的表达方式：
1. The contract can be amended only after the amendment is agreed upon by both parties.
只有经双方一致同意，合同方可变更。
2. This Agreement may be amended only by a written instrument signed by duly authorized representatives of both parties.
本合同只有经双方当事人授权的代表正式签署的书面文件，方可修改。
3. This Agreement may not be amended or modified except by written instrument signed
by each of the Parties hereto.
除非经本协议当事人签署的书面通知，否则本协议书不得作出任何修改和变更。
4. Any alterations or amendments of this Agreement shall be subject to agreement through consultation between both parties in writing.
本协议的任何变更或修改，应由本协议双方协商一致，并以书面方式进行。
5. This Agreement shall not be modified or amended except by a written instrument, signed by the parties hereto.
除非双方当事人共同签署书面文件，否则本“协议”不得修改或修订。
6. Any modification, amendment or waiver of any of the provisions of this Agreement must otherwise be made in writing and duly signed by the parties hereto.
对本“协议”任何规定的任何变更、修改或免责必须另以书面形式作出，并经各方正式签字。
7. During the period of validity of the agreement, either party shall be entitled to make proposal of amendment to the agreement and the agreement amended shall go into effect with the signature of the two parties.
在协议的有效期内，任何一方都有权提出对协议进行修改，修改后的协议经过双方签署后才能够生效。
II. 在实际运用中，由于内容环境不同，表达可能有所不同，以下为一些实例：
1. If the loan contract affiliated to this Contract has to be abridged, amended, or revised, both parties shall negotiate to amend and revise this Contract in line with the provisions of the loan contract.
本股权质押项下的贷款合同如有修改、补充而影响本质押合同时，双方应协商修改、补充本质押合同，使其与股权质押项下贷款合同规定相一致。
2. If this Contract shall be abridged, revised, or amended on account of force majeure, the responsibilities assumed by the Party A under this Contract shall not be exempted or reduced, and the rights and interests of the Party B under this Contract shall not been affected or infringed.
如因不可抗力原因致本合同须作一定删节、修改、补充时，应不免除或减少甲方在本合同中所承担的责任，不影响或侵犯乙方在本合同项下的权益。
3. The amendment of the contract or other appendices shall come into force only after the written agreement signed by Party A and Party B and approved by the original examination and approval authority.
对本合同及其附件的修改必须经甲、乙双方签署书面协议，并报原审批机构批准，方可生效。
4. This Agreement may be amended in writing signed by both Parties. Unless otherwise expressly agreed to in such amendment, all terms and conditions of this Agreement shall apply to any such addition and all rights granted to Licensee under this Agreement shall terminate as to any such deletion.
本协议可由「双方」书面签署予以修改。除在此种修改中另行明确同意外，本协议所有的条款和条件须适用于任何此类修改中所做的添加，而所有根据本协议而给予「被许可人」的权利对于任何此类修改中的删除事项而言将终止。
6.补偿Indemnification
损害赔偿（indemnification）条款，是减少合同风险的一个重要条款。该条款主要约定在第三者对合同提出权利主张时，另一缔约方应当对此承担责任。通常情况下，另一缔约方必须支付全部的防御性诉讼费用，以及全部的支付给第三者的和解费用或者第三者胜诉后造成的所有损失。
实际上，本条款是将第三人造成的风险从合同的一方当事人转移给另一方当事人。
其次，本条款也可以约定合同的另一缔约方有其他不当的作为时，应当进行损害赔偿。
I． Indemnification 条款常用“indemnify and hold harmless from……”来表达：
1. Party A agrees to indemnify and hold Party B harmless from any claim or demand, including reasonable attorneys' fees, made by any third party due to or arising out of
甲方同意对乙方因_____造成的损失作出赔偿及保证乙方不招致任何第三方索偿或索求，包括合理的律师费用。
应用实例：
Party A agrees to indemnify and hold Party B harmless from any claim or demand, including reasonable attorneys' fees, made by any third party due to or arising out of Party A's use of the Site, the violation of this Agreement by Party A, or the infringement by Party A, or other user of the Site using Party A's login name and password, of any intellectual property or other right of any person or entity.
甲方同意对乙方因甲方使用网站、或甲方违反本协议、或因甲方或其它使用甲方之登记名称及密码而使用网站的使用者，侵犯任何知识产权或任何其它人士或单位的其它权利所造成的损失作出赔偿及保证乙方不招致任何索偿或索求，包括合理的律师费用。
2. Party A shall indemnify and hold party B and each of party B officers, directors, stockholders, employees and agents harmless against, and in respect of, any damage, loss, liability, cost or expense, including attorneys, fees, resulting or arising from or incurred in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby, except such as may result from willful malfeasance if party B or such officer, director, stockholder, employee of agent, as the case may be.
甲方应当赔偿乙方及其每个职员、董事、股东、雇员及其代理人因此协议引起或与此协议以后的交易相关事项而产生的损害、损失、责任、开支或费用，包括律师费用，但因乙方或其职员、董事、股东、雇员或代理人有意的过失而引起的损失除外。
3. Each party will defend, indemnify and hold the other harmless from and against all actions, proceedings, claims, demands, suits, losses, damages and expenses, including reasonable attorneys fees and costs reasonably incurred in defending any proceedings in which the damages sustained arose from a failure of the other party to meet its obligations under this
agreement. In no event will either party be liable to the other in connection with this agreement for special, incidental, indirect or consequential or punitive damages regardless of whether either or both parties knew of the possibility of such damages.
一方当事人将使另一方当事人免于承担诉讼、索赔、请求、损害赔偿金及费用，包括为以下诉讼辩护而发生的合理的律师费：因另一方当事人未根据本协议履行其义务而导致损害赔偿的诉讼。
不管一方当事人或双方当事人是否知道特殊损害赔偿、附带损害赔偿、间接损害赔偿、后果性损害赔偿、惩罚性损害赔偿发生的可能性，一方当事人均不会为另一方当事人承担上述损害赔偿。
4. Contractor agrees to protect, defend, indemnify and hold harmless company, its parent, subsidiaries and affiliated companies, and its and their employees, subcontractors and its and their insurers from and against any claim, demand, cause of action, loss, expense award, obligation to indemnify another, judgment or liability on account of illness, injury or death to the employees of contractor and contractor’s subcontractors and/or damage to or loss or destruction of the property of contractor arising directly or indirectly out of the performance of this contract regardless of omissions or negligence, in whole or in any part, of company.
承包商同意保护、辩护、赔偿和保证公司、其上级公司、下属公司和关联公司、及其雇员、次承包商和其保险公司不承担在履行本合同过程中，不论公司是否存在部分或全部的不作为或疏忽的责任，直接或间接所导致的承包商和次承包商的雇员生病、受伤或死亡以及承包商的财产所遭受的毁损灭失相关的任何诉求、要求、诉因、损失、费用、对他方的赔偿义务、判决或赔偿责任。
II． Indemnification 条款还有多种表达方式，但并不固定。
1. Notwithstanding any of indemnities and liabilities specifically referred to above, neither company or contractor shall be liable to the other with respect to any consequential loss including, but not limited to, loss of anticipated profit, loss of anticipated revenue, loss of anticipated production, loss of product, or loss of use of money, arising or alleged to arise out of either company’s or contractor’s failure to property carry out its obligations hereunder or due to omissions or
negligence, in whole or any part, of the part at fault, its subcontractors or vendors or the un-seaworthiness of vessel, or strict liability, and regardless of whether pre-existing the execution of the agreement.
除上列特别述及的赔偿和责任外，公司或承包商相互间不承担任何间接损失，包括但不限于预计的利润损失、预计的收益损失、预计的生产损失、产品损失、无法使用金钱的损失，由于或认为系因公司或承包商未能正确地履行本合同的义务或由于该违约系由于其次承包商或供应商(买方)或船舶不适航或严格责任和不论是否存在依以前协议履行原因，所导致的部分或全部的不作为或疏忽所造成的损失。
2. All remedies specified herein or otherwise available shall be cumulative and in addition to any and every other remedy provided hereunder or now or hereafter available at law or in equity. No waiver or failure to act with respect to any breach or default hereunder, whether or not the other party has notice thereof, shall be deemed to be a waiver with respect to any subsequent breach or default, whether of similar or different nature.
依据法律或衡平法，本“协议”所述的赔偿或其它可得的赔偿应当是累积的，并在本“协议”中规定的赔偿之外，或在现在或此后可得的赔偿之外。无论对方当事人通知与否，任何与违反协议或不履行协议有关的弃权不得视为与任何后来的违反协议或不履行协议有关的弃权，无论是否性质相同或不同。
III．在大型合同中，Indemnification 条款往往非常复杂，以下即为。Indemnification 补偿
(a) Each party shall indemnify and hold harmless the other party, its shareholders, directors, officers, employees, agents, designees and assignees, or any of them, from and against all losses, damages, liabilities, expenses, costs, claims, suits, demands, actions, causes of actions, proceedings, judgments, assessments, deficiencies and charges (collectively, "Damages") caused by, relating to or arising from the performance by such party in accordance with this Contract of its obligations hereunder, and Buyer shall also indemnify Seller, without limiting the foregoing, for any such item caused by, relating to or arising from (a) the programming services which are authorized for viewing sing the System, including any assertion that any such programming service involves copyright infringement, (b) any disputes between Buyer and any of its program distributors or other distributors or affiliates, (c) any
disputes or claims involving the subscribers for Buyer's programming services, or (d) any assertion that Buyer has been involved in, that Buyer's conduct of subscription involves, or that Buyer's use of the System involves, any unfair competition or violations of laws, rules or regulations.
(ａ)每方应就其按本合同规定履行其本合同项下义务所导致的、与其有关的或由其引发的一切损失、损害、责任、支出、费用、索赔、诉讼、要求、诉讼行为、诉因、程序、判决、估定税额、欠额以及收费(合称“损害”)补偿另一方、另一方的股东、董事、管理人员、雇员、代理、被指定人、受让人或其中任何一人，使之不受损害，并且在不对上文所述予以限制的条件下，买方还应就下述各项所导致的、与其有关的或由其引发的上述任何事项补偿卖方：
(a)授权对viewing sing系统提供的服务；（b）买方与项目分包商、分支机构之间的纠纷；(c) 任何用户针对买方的该项目服务的纠纷或索赔；(d) 针对买方所涉该系统的不正当竞争或违法指控。
(b) In the event of a third-party claim, with respect to which a party’s entitled to indemnification hereunder, a party (the "Indemnified Party") shall notify the other party (the "Indemnifying Party") in writing s soon as practicable, but in no event later than ______ days after receipt of such claims. The Indemnified Party's failure to provide such noticed shall not preclude it from seeking indemnification hereunder unless such failure has materially prejudiced the Indemnifying Party's ability to defend such claim. The Indemnifying Party shall promptly defend such claim with counsel of its own choosing) and the Indemnified Party shall cooperate with the Indemnifying Party in the defense of such claim, including the settlement of the matter on the basis stipulated by the indemnifying Party (with the Indemnifying Party being responsible for all costs and expenses of such settlement).
(ｂ)如果第三方提出一方按本合同规定有权获得补偿的索赔请求，一方(“受补偿方”)应在实际可能的情况下尽早通知另一方(“补偿方”)，但无论如何不得迟于在收到该等请求后的第_______日。受补偿方未给予该通知并不排除其按本合同规定寻求补偿，除非未给予该通知补偿方抗辩该索赔请求的能力受到实质影响。补偿方(与其自行选择的律师一起)应及时对该索赔请求进行抗辩，而受补偿方应在对该索赔请求进行抗辩时与补偿方合作，包括按照补偿方规定的原则就该事项达成和解(补偿方承担该和解的一切费用与支出)。
If the Indemnifying Party within a reasonable time after notice of a claim fails to defend the Indemnified party, the Indemnified Party shall be
英文中“年月日”的表达方式 [摘要]英文中表达“年月日”有多少方式？英式英语和美式英语中对年月日的表达就大有不同！不仅是年月日的顺序，就连读法和写法也有讲究。 英式英语和美式英语中对年月日的表达大有不同。 美式：March 29, 1983 读作March the twenty-ninth, nineteen eighty-three 英式：29 March, 1983 读作the twenty-ninth of March, nineteen eighty-three 言下之意，前者为美国英语，后者为英国英语，彼此天各一方，泾渭分明。上述观点在不少辞书中所见雷同。 一、在英国英语中，通常可有两种表达法。即 （以“1988年5月2日”为例） 1. 写法：(the) 2(nd) May, 1988 读法：the second of May, nineteen eighty-eight 2. 写法：May (the) 2(nd), 1988 读法：May the second, nineteen eighty-eight 注意： 1）写法中，日期与月份之间不可加逗号。 2）写法中，年份前的逗号可以省略。 3）写法中，代表日期的序数词词尾（-st，-nd, -rd或-th ）均可省略。 4）写法中，序数词前的定冠词the，一般可省略（尤其是以序数词开头的场合）；但在读法中，该定冠词则不省略。 二、在美国英语中，通常只采用一种表达法。即 （以“1988年5月2日”为例） 写法：May 2(nd), 1988 读法：May second, nineteen eighty-eight 注意： 1）写法中，日期与月份之间不可加逗号。 2）写法中，年份前的逗号可以省略。 3）写法中，代表日期的序数词词尾（-st，-nd, -rd或-th ）均可省略。 4）写法中，序数词前的定冠词the，一般可省略；在读法中，该定冠词一般亦省略。 三、无论英国英语或美国英语，在需要突出年月日的场合（尤其是在正式文件中），均可采用以下表达法。即
商务合同是在商务活动中签署的具有法律地位的文件，因此，商务合同英语是以英语共同语为基础，在商务活动中形成和使用的，既有商务英语特点又具有法律英语特点的语言。它是人们根据社会文化环境、交际目的和交际对象等语用因素，在长期使用中形成的一种具有特殊用途和自身规律的语言功能变体。商务合同英语是在法律语境和商务语境中的～个具有某种特殊用途的语言变体或语域，不具有特殊的语言材料或独立的语法体系。美国语言学家裘斯(Martin Joes)按照言语交际双方的身份、性别、年龄、社会关系等因素所反映的语言使用的正式程度，在著作The Five Clocks中提出了语言正规程度的五级分类法(five levels off or mality)，即庄重文体(frozen style)、慎重或正式文体(formal style)、请求或商议文体(consultative style)、随便或非正式文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。从语言正式程度判断，商务合同英语属于庄重文体，而且，商务合同英语具有鲜明的词汇特征。商务合同作为商务应用文的一种，用词正式，遣词造句力求准确。在逻辑的精确性与严密性、表达的专业性与规范性以及思维的清晰和条理性等方面都有很高的要求，所以在词汇方面呈现出明显的文体色彩。外来词、古体词、专业术语、模糊限制词等在商务合同英语中的使用充分体现了商务合同英语在词汇层面上所具有的文体特征。 1 外来词(1oanwords)出现频率高 商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少来源于拉丁语、法语、德语和西班牙语，有些则是由词根派生或合成，许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。这些词语意义比较稳定，利于精确表达概念。英国法律英语为了显示法律语言的神圣性、权威性和严密性，大量沿用中古英语，以区别普通英语，而美罔法律英语倾向用简单明了的常用词汇来表达法律意思。例如：null andvoid(拉丁语)无效，nota bene(拉丁语)注意、留心，ad valorem du—ty(拉丁语)从价税，bona fide holder(拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人，del~Federe agent(意大利语)货价保付代理，force majeure(法语)不可抗力。商务合同英语中的法律类专业术语也主要来源于拉丁语和法语。拉丁语词汇进入英语主要采取两种方式：间接方式(有些拉丁语词汇进入法语，再由法语转入英语l1】)和直接方式(有些拉丁语词汇直接进入英语)。例如：crimen falsi(伪证罪)，de facto fort(事实上侵权行为)，de facto agreement(未经合法手续或正式承认的事实上的协议)，action in persinam(债权诉讼)，proviso(限制性条款)，void ab initio(由最初开始即属无效)。由于历史的原因，英语中许多法律术语由法语借用或转化而来，例如：complaint，statute，verdict，warrant，bail等o 2 古体词(archaism)大量使用 商务合同语言的一个主要特点是古体词语的大量使用。古体词是一种具有鲜明文体色彩的词汇成分。古体词在商务合同与法律文体的大量使用，充分体现出其庄重严肃的文体风格，这与商务合同英语文体的社会职能和国际商务的行业特殊性有关。商务合同英语中最常使用的古体词多为复合副词，即由here，there和where 分别加上after，at，by，from，in，of，to，ander，upon，with等一个或几个介词共同构成的复合副词，如herewith(与此一道)，therein(在其中)，thereinafter(在下文中)，thereof(其)，thereto(附随)，whereas(鉴于)等。这些复合词中的“here”指的是“this”，即“本文件(合同，协定等)”，“there”指的是“that”，即“另外的文件(合同，协定等)”，“where”指的是“what”或“which”。古体词语的使用除了体现其庄重严肃以外，还可避免不必要的重复，使意义更加清楚、简明。例如“依照本合同相关规定”在英文商务合同中几乎看不到“according to relevant
"非常"的26种英文表达法 "非常, 很, 极其"的26种英文表达法 相信大家都会有这样的经历: 每每用英语表达一些很一般的概念时, 我们总会立刻想起某个表达法. 例如: 想说"很"时,立刻想到了very或very much; 想说"大"时, 则用big或large.这样的一一对应, 大大减弱了英语写作的丰富性和生动性. 于是这些最先为我们想到的表达法, 便成了我们提高英语水平的羁绊. 如果我们能把这些最常用概念的英语表达归类, 总结, 贫乏的英语表达便会涣然一新. 以下是我在英语学习过程中的一篇笔记, 愿与各位分享. 如有遗漏或错误, 敬请指正. (所有的词语释义和部分例句来自Longman英汉词典) 在英语中用来表达"极其, 非常, 很"的方式有26种: 1) most (used for giving force) a. (to an adjective) very It really is most annoying. b.(to an adverb) quite; very Whatever happens, I shall most certainly attend the meeting. 注意: most只能修饰具有主观意见或感情色彩的形容词和副词, 表示"非常, 很"的概念.我们可以说most certainly, 但不能说most tall 或most quick 2) awfully adv. infml (used to give more force to an expression) very awfully cold, awfully nice I am awfully sorry for it. 3) badly adv. (与"want", "need"连用) a great deal; very much They want help badly. He is badly in need of a haircut. 4) more than ... fml, to a degree at which "..." is no longer a strong enough or suitable word. 与中文的"无以名状"差不多
【摘要】商务合同是商业法人之间为实现一定的经济目的、明确相互权利义务的一种文体。商务合同英语属半法律性语言，用词准确、正式、严谨，具有鲜明文体意义。本文基于典型实例分析，探讨了商务英文合同的词汇特征及翻译方法。 【关键词】商务英文合同词汇特征翻译 商务合同是商品经济的产物，它随着商品经济的产生而产生，也随着商品经济的发展而发展，是商品交换关系在法律上的体现，受到国家法律的承认和保护。在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天，国际商务活动日益频繁，贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务，具有法律效力的文件——国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。商务合同英语既具有商务英语的特点，同时也具有法律英语的特点。本文拟从庄重正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个角度阐述分析商务英文合同的词汇特征及其翻译方法。 一、庄重正式 Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体，即庄重文体(frozen style)，正式文体(formal style)，商议文体（consultative style），随便文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体，即五种变体英语中正式程度最高的一种。商务英文合同的庄重正式的词汇特征体现在专业术语和外来词古体词的使用上。 1.商务专业术语 专业术语(technical term留学生论文网http://biz.doczj.com/doc/3117254295.html, s)具有鲜明的文体特色。其意义精确、单一、无歧义，且不带有个人感情色彩。为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节以及与此相关的各类单据，商务合同英语文体中使用了大量表意清楚的商务专业术语。例如，policy（保险单），negotiable（可转让的），liability（责任、义务），right of recourse （追索权），factoring（保理）等。这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释，简化交易过程，提高工作效率。 2.法律专业术语 为了准确描述商务活动中交易双方各自的权利与义务，商务合同英语中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。狭义的法律术语指仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律科学的特有术语，此意义上的法律术语在商务合同文体中的数量不多，如：imputed negligence (转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。商务合同中这类狭义的法律专业术语不以大众是否理解或接受为转移，它是商务合同语言准确表达的保障，是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语，如action(诉讼)，party(当事人)，financial responsibility(经济责任，指违约责任，具体可指“赔偿损失”、“支付违约金”和“支付迟延支付金额的利息”)。这类词语把握不准确的话很容易导致翻译和理解当中的模糊性，因此要格外留意。如，“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易译为“提议一旦接受，合同随即订立。”而实际上，“acceptance”与“offer”是合同法中两个重要的法律术语，其规范的译文分别为“承诺”、“要约”，前者是指受要约人对要约内容表同意，而后者则指一方希望与另一方订立合同。 3.外来词和古体词 商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少源于拉丁语或法语，有些则是由其词根派生或合成，许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。它们的意义比较稳定，利于精确地表达概念，例如：ad valorem duty (拉丁语)从价(关)税，bona fide holder (拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人，pro rata tax rate比例税率(拉丁语，即proportional tax rate)，insurance premium per capita (拉丁语)人均保险费，force majeure(法语)不可抗力，pro forma (拉丁语)估算表。
英文合同常用词汇 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表this，there 代表that，where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。 Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。 Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。 例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合
英文合同常用词汇和句型 1、开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍） 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文：因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文：本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释和说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4、favor, “in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守： This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication No.400. 2) 根据（法律、法规、合同） 3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于…”，“率属于…”，“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、Provided that 但是 9、Notwithstanding “即使，表示一种让步”。 10、in question “表示该” 11、including but not limited to “包括但不限于” 12、常理解为“有权利做某事” 1）have the right to do 2）be entitled to do 3）do sth. at one’s option or/ and discretion 4）have the authority to do 13、合同英语中“因为”的表达方法 1）owing to 2）attributable to 3）due to 4）in view of 5）by virtue of 14、notify sb. Of sth. in writing: 书面通知某人某事 15、in lieu of: 替代 16、关联企业： 1）affiliate: 广义上的具有法人人格的子公司，只要有参股关系即可，常翻译为“关联公司”
英文合同合同常用词 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表this，there 代表that，where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods
subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。
Unit 1 Lesson 1 使用顺序词afterward或subsequently表达继一系列事件或时间点之后。 I got my engineering degree from Delft. Afterward, I began working for Smoot. I graduated from high school in 2004. Subsequently, I moved to England to study at Oxford. 使用following搭配宾语来表达继一系列事件或时间点之后 Following my promotion, I designed the Northside Professional Center. Following that, I was recognized as Architect of the Year. 使用prior to + 宾语表达在一事件或时间之前发生的事情 I started here in May. Previously, I was working for a competitor. Prior to my time managing HR, I wrote training courses. 使用currently这个词来告诉某人你现在在哪里工作。 I'm currently working at Dewey and Jasper Inc. Head是一个通用头衔，意为director或manager He's the head of quality assurance. n She heads the sales department. v He's the head teacher. Adj 组织或团体中处于下级的是帮助managers和directors的人，比如assistants和associates。associate的等级通常高过assistant。 associate managing editor 副总编辑 assistant sales director助理销售主管 下列表达方式来写你的大学教育。注意每个表达方式搭配使用的介词 I graduated from Edinburgh University in 2010. I'm currently working on an MBA. I majored in chemistry. 使用这些表达方式来写你的工作经历： I have extensive experience in managing big projects. I have a solid background in product development. I was promoted to director of sales in 2010.
商务合同英语用词特点及翻译的特色标记 杨 芳 (湖南税务高等专科学校应用英语系,湖南长沙410116) 摘 要:商务合同是商务活动中最重要的交际形式之一。 通过商务合同英语翻译事例分析,从正规用语、专业术语、古语词、外来词、同义词连用、词项重复和缩略词七方面探讨商务合同英语用词的特点,强调商务合同英语用词特点决定其特色翻译。 关键词:商务合同;英文翻译;正规用语;专业术语 中图分类号:H31 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-4970(2004)01-0129-02 收稿日期:2003-09-02 作者简介:杨芳(1973-),女,湖南长沙人,湖南税务高等专科学校应用英语系讲师。 在世界经济全球化的今天,国际贸易竞争日益激烈。按一定的合法手续达成的规定相互权利和义务的契约———商务合同的英文翻译也日显重要。好的商务合同的翻译很注意词在表达意义时所起的作用。词是构成语言词汇的最小的最基本的独立运用单位,在把商务合同汉语这种语言文字转换成商务合同英语的过程中,如果译者不能正确地理解和选择词,就不可能准确地再现原文,继而影响商务活动的效率。所以正确理解和选择词汇是保证商务合同英语翻译质量的首要条件。商务合同对签约各方具有法律约束力,具有法律文书的效力,因而要求词汇正式、严谨、准确且简洁、明了。正规用语、专业术语、古语词、外来词都是“w ords w ith form al stylistic m eaning ” (具有正式含义风格的词汇)。另外,同义词连用和词项重复又具有严谨的风格,缩略词简洁、明了,它们都能满足商务合同英语对用词的要求。本文拟就商务合同英语用词的特点及翻译的特色标记等7方面作一探讨,以就教于同仁。 1.正规用语,即非口语词。具有法律效力的商务 合同用词都要正式、规范,不能口语化。如:The Lic 2 ensee will notify the Licensor and shall assist the Licensor in taking such action as the Licensor deems appropriate.显然, 该句中的“notify ”、“assist ”、“deem ”比同义词“in form ”、“help ”、“think ”更为正式。如果句中接连出现这类词语,其风格自然显得郑重、严肃具有浓厚的正式文体色彩。 2.专业术语。商务合同的种类繁多,包括货物销 售合同、加工装配合同、技术转让合同、商业用房租赁合同等,涉及贸易、技术、法律、农业等种种学科。而专业术语就是指适用于不同的学科领域或专业的词,是用来正确表达科学概念的词,具有丰富的内涵和外延。专业术语要求单义性,排斥多义性和歧义性, 且表达术语的词汇都是固定的,不得随意更改。所以译者必须懂得商务合同所涉及学科领域的相关知识,避免专业术语词汇普通化,否则轻则闹翻译笑话,重则将造成严重的经济损失。例如:全套“清洁已装船”海运提单,注明“运费到付”、“空白抬头”、“空白背书”。这一句话在商务货物销售合同付款单据条款中常见,但如果译者缺乏贸易专业知识,而凭字面意思翻译成“One full set of ’clean shipment ’sea transportation bill of lading marked ’freight payable at destination ’、blankly raising head 、blankly reciting.”就可笑了。其实在这句话 中,“清洁已装船”、“海运提单”、“运费到付”、“空白抬头”、“空白背书”都是贸易专业术语,分别译为“C lean on board ”、“ocean bills of lading ”、“Freight to col 2 lect ”、“made out to order ”、“blank endorsed ”。再如:在技 术合同中,“提成费”指技术使用费,在英语中“royalty ”表达这一概念,如译成“technical use charge ”就成外行话了。有些词语在中文中虽然只有一字之差,但它们所包含的内容是不相同的,英文术语词汇也不一样。如“专利技术”和“专有技术”,前者仅包括产业部门的技术发明,获了专利,受法律保护。后者不仅包括产业部门的技术发明,还包括商业、旅游等方面的经营管理经验,但不受法律保护。因而英文翻译迥然不同:前者译为“patent technology ”,后者译为“know -how ”。 3.古语词。古语词一般已不通用,但古语词可增 加严肃、正式的意味,做到准确、严密。使用古语词可反映法律语言的保守倾向和契约性行文正式、严肃、古板的文体特征。这些古语词均为副词,一般是here 、 there 或where 与in 、on 、after 、of 等介词结合构成的复 合词。在句子中修饰动词时其位置与普通副词类似,而修饰名词一般放在后面。这类复合词中的“here ”应理解为“this ”,“there ”应理解为“that ”,“where ”应理解
1、开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍） 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文：因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文：本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释和说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4、 favor, “ in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守： This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication . 2) 根据（法律、法规、合同） 3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于…”，“率属于…”，“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、 Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、 Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、 For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、 Provided that 但是
谢谢的多种英文表达方 式 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
"Thanks"、"Thank you!"这些表示“谢谢”的话你都会，可是太单调。 下面就教你一些"不同凡响"的道谢语，可以派上大用场哦！ A thousand thanks for your kindness. 非常感谢你的好意 I would like to attend this exhibition. Thanks a lot. 我很高兴能参加这场展览, 谢谢. I would be very grateful for information about entry to your college. 若能寄给我贵校的入学申请材料我将十分感激. I will be deeply grateful to you for your kindness for the rest of my life. 您对我的恩情使我终身铭感. He was overwhelmed with gratitude for their help. 对他们的帮助,他不胜感激. Thanks for listening to my woes. 谢谢您听我诉说不幸的遭遇。 Thank you so much for your guiding, and I will miss you. 非常感谢你为我们导游, 我会想念你的. Thank you very much for your kind invitation to dinner on Thursday, Jan . 9 th. 非常感谢你盛情邀请我们元月九日(星期四)去吃饭. We are grateful to the full if you so kind as to help me.
商务合同英语词汇特征浅析 【摘要】商务合同规定贸易双方的权利和义务，是具有法律效力的一种契约性文件，对用词也有严格特殊的要求，主要体现在专业正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个方面。 【关键词】商务合同；词汇；专业；正式；严谨 在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天．国际商务活动日益频繁。贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务．具有法律效力的文件一国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。作为一种契约性文件．商务合同有很强的法律兼容性．对用词也有严格特殊的要求．主要体现在专业正式准确严谨和简洁明了三个方面。 一，专业正式性 据英国语言学家Leech对英语词义的分类．专业术语书面语古语词外来词都是“具有正式含义风格的词汇“。 1．专业术语 专业术语是用来确切表达科学概念的词．要求单义性．排斥多义性和歧义性．不但意义精确．而且具有国际通用性。商务合同英语中商务专业术语和法律专业术语俯拾皆是。 (1)商务专业术语 对外经贸合同中．国际贸易及国际投资领域的专业词汇经常出现。例如．policy(保险单)．negotiable(可转让的)．liability(责任、义务)．right of recourse(追索权)．factoring(保理)等。无疑．这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释．简化交易过程．提高工作效率。 需要注意的是合同英语中有不少普通词汇用作专业词汇．对此应从专业角度来明确含义．否则会导致合同意思模糊不清。例如．dirty of Bill of Lading(不结提单)和flat price(统一价格) 很容易误解为“不洁提单“和“平价“。 (2)法律专业术语 作为具有法律效力的契约性文件．合同中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。法律术语有狭义与广义之分。狭义的法律术语如action(诉讼)．final(终局裁决)等．不以大众是否理解或接受为转移．是商务合同语言准确表达的保障．是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法
【合同英语】合同条款常用英文词汇合同条款常用英文词汇 buyer 买方 卖方 seller 项目名称 Project name 地址 address 电话 phone 传真 fax 联系人 contact person 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。 This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list 2. 合同价格 Contract value 序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size, dimension 数量 amount, unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物，运费 freight, transportation 合同总额(含安装费与税金) Contract amount incl. VAT installation 3. 付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms 4. 交货地点 delivery place
5. 发货期 delivery time 6. 安装条款 installation clause 7. 验收条款 inspection clause 8. 保证条款 guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款 Breach clause 11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party. 涉外合同格式 涉外合同按繁简不同，尽管可以采取不同书面形式，如正式合同(Contract)、协议书(Agreement)、确认书(Confirmation)、备忘录(Memorandum)、订单(Order)等等，但是一般都包含如下几个部分: 一、合同名称(Title) 二、前文(Preamble) 1. 订约日期和地点 Date and place of signing 2. 合同当事人及其国籍、主营业所或住所 Signing parties and their nationalities, principal place of business or residence addresses 3. 当事人合法依据 Each party's authority，比如，该公司是“按当地法律正式组织而存在 的”(a corporation duly organized
英语日期表达方式 英语日期表达方式 同一日期的表达方法 7月10日July 10,July 10th,10 July或10th July Tuesday May the thirteenth 5月13日星期二 Monday the fifth of April 4月15日星期一 What date is it? 今天是几号？ It's the 30th today. 今天是30号。 They married on December 9,1913. 他们于1913年12月9日结婚。 Labour was defeated in the General Election on 19 June 1970. 工党在1970年6月19日大选中败北。 The case was heard in the High Court in February 1970. 这个案件于1970年2月由高等法院审理。
Where were you on the nights of February 4th and 7th? 2月4日和7日晚上你都在什么地方？ They lived toghther from December of that year until June of 1980. 他们从那年12月到1980年6月一直住在一起。 The pater he hands me has a 1975 date. 他签发给我文件写的是1975年的日期。 英式、美式英语的日期表达差异 在英式英语中，日期在前月份在后，即顺序为日月年，但在美式英语中，则月份在前日期在后，即顺序为月日年。这一点必须注意，否则会发生错误。例如我们写10-7-86或10/7/86，在英式英语中是July 10th 1986,而在美式英语中，则为October 7th 1986.我们使用的计算机上的时间就是美式英语。 英美说法不同的还有，例如：这事发生在星期四。在英式英语中It hppened on Thursday. 而在美式英语中为It happened Thursday. 年代表达法 八十年代eighties指的是1980-1989，可写为1980's，另外1980-1985可写为early eighties,1985-1989可写为late eighties.例如：in Stockholm in the thirties
商务英文合同的词汇特征 --> 商务合同是商品经济的产物，它随着商品经济的产生而产生，也随着商品经济的发展而发展，是商品交换关系在法律上的体现，受到国家法律的承认和保护。商务合同英语既具有商务英语的特点，同时也具有法律英语的特点。本文拟从准确严谨、庄重正式和简洁明了三个角度阐述分析。 一、准确严谨 1.情态动词 合同英语中各情态动词意义界限非常明确，体现了合同语言的严谨性。shall在商务合同英语中使用率最高，含有本条款具有法律规定的指令性和强制性之意，其含义相当于must，但合同中不能使用must。如，The seller shall present the following shipping documents to the bank for negotiation of L/ C中的shall表明卖方在向银行议付信用证时，必须履行递交所要求的装运单据这一法律义务，而且应做到单据相符、单单相符，否则银行即可拒付。will则只表示对合同一方的某种建议或合同双方之外第三方的行为的说明，不构成法律约束。should意为应该，带有主观意思，表示这样做最好。若用于条件句中，则表示较低的可能性。may表示可以、可能。这两个意思在日常用语中都
可用can来表达，但是在合同中几乎只用may而不用can，因为前者比后者语气更正式。 2.近义词或相关词并列 在商务合同英语中有词汇并列使用的现象(ju_taposition)，即同(近)义词或相关词往往由and或or连接并列使用，例如furnish and provide，fulfill or perform，transferable or assignable，null and void，in full force and effect等。这种词汇并列使用使得两个或多个词语的含义来共同限定其唯一词义，从而排除了由于一词多义可能产生的歧义，这正是合同语言必须表达严谨、杜绝语义歧义或漏洞的需要。在日常生活中，人们往往忽略不计，但合同的准确严谨性决定了合同中不允许出现哪怕是最细小的失误或是遗漏。 二、庄重正式 Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体，即庄重文体(frozen style)，正式文体(formal style)，商议文体(consultative style)，随便文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style) 。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体，即五种变体英语中正式程度最高的一种。商务英文合同的庄重正式的词汇特征体现在专业术语和外来词古体词的使用上。 1.商务专业术语 专业术语(technical terms)具有鲜明的文体特色。其意义精确、单一、无歧义，且不带有个人感情色彩。为了准确描述商务