路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索
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11 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 基本概念
1.1 the definition of a word
（he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function
alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）
1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the
word just automatically suggest the animal in question.
1.3 sound and form ：
1.4 vocabulary
1.5 classification of words
词汇分类
basic word stock
基本词汇
nonbasic vocabulary
非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分：
basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary
基本词汇和非基本词汇
by notion 按概念分：
content words and functional words
实义词和功能词
by origin 按起源分：
native words and borrowed words
本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性
stability 稳定性
productivity 多产性
polysemy 一词多义
collocability 搭配性
terminology 术语
jargon 行话
slang 俚语
argon 黑话
dialectal words 方言词
archaism 古语词
neologism 新词
neutral in style 文体上中性
frequent in use 使用频繁 native words
本地词
borrowed words
外来词 denizens 同化词
aliens 异形词
translation-loans 译借词
semantic-loans 借义词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin
2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly
3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition
4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling
obvious
characteristics
明显的特点 路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索
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22
Chapter 2 Development
It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in
their basic word stock and grammar.
2.1 Indo-European
印欧语
Eastern set：
东部诸语族：
Western set：
西部诸语族：
Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语
Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语
Armenian 亚美尼亚语
Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语
Celtic 凯尔特语
Italic 意大利语
Hellenic 希腊语 ——Greek
Germanic 日耳曼语
Persian 波斯语
Bengali 孟加拉国语
Hindi 印地语
Romany 普吉赛语 Prussian 普鲁士语
Lithuanian 立陶宛语
Polish 波兰语
Czech 捷克语
Bulgarian 保加利亚语
Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语
Russian 俄语
Portuguese 葡萄牙语
Spanish 西班牙语
French 法语
Italian 意大利语
Roumanian 罗马尼亚语
Scottish 苏格兰语
Irish 爱尔兰语
Welsh 威尔士语
Breton 布里多尼语
Latin 拉丁语言
路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索
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33
2.2 Historical review
历史概述
2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary
Norwegian 挪威语
Icelandic 冰岛语
Danish
丹麦语
Swedish
瑞典语
German 德语
Dutch 荷兰语
Flemish 佛兰德语
English 英语 Scandinavian languages
斯堪的纳维亚语 50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇
Highly inflected 高度转折
complex endings 复杂的结尾
vowel changes 元音变化
French words 法语词汇
leveled endings 水平结尾
Early Modern English (1500-1700)
早期现代英语
Late Modern English (1700-up to the present)
晚期现代英语 Borrow 借词
new words 新词
no endings 无结尾
from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language。
从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言。
the rapid development of modern science and technology （45 ％ ）
现代科学和技术的迅猛发展（ 45 ％ ）
social, economic and political changes（11 ％ ）
社会，经济和政治的变化（ 11 ％ ）
the influence of other cultures and languages（ 24 ％ ）
其它文化和语言的影响（ 24 ％ ） Old English (450--1150) —— Anglo-Saxon
古英语 盎格鲁-撒克逊语
Middle English (1150-1500)
中古英语
Modern English (1500-up to now)
现代英语
three main sources
三种主要来源